Trace analysis, analytical chemistry

Mitchell, J. W., Ultrapurity in Trace Analysis, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 45, No. 6, 1973, 492A-500A. 

Johnson JV and Yost RA (1985) Tandem mass spectrometry for trace analysis. Analytical Chemistry 57 758A. 

Parr RM (1980) The reliability of trace element analysis as revealed by analytical reference materials. In Bratter P, Schramel P, eds. Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, pp 631-655. Walter de Gruyter Co., New York. 

According to the demands of the analysis, analytical chemistry can be classified into analysis of major components (major component analysis, precision analysis, investigation of stoichiometry), minor components, and trace components (trace analysis, ultra trace analysis). On the other hand, analytical problems are differentiated according to the number of analytes involved. Accordingly, single component and multicomponent analysis are distinguished. 

Veal, D.J. (1966) Nondestructive activation analysis of crude oils for arsenic to one part per billion, and simultaneous determination of five other trace elements. Analytical Chemistry, 38(8), 1080-83. 

J. R. W. Woittiez, On the use of separation techniques for elemental analysis of protein fractions, in P. Bratter, B. Ribas, P. Schramel (eds), Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 6, Consejo Superior De Investigations Cientihcas, Madrid, 1994, pp. 1-32. 

Dybczynski, R., Veglia, A., Suschny, O. Milk powder (A-11) A new IAEA reference material for trace and other element analysis. In Bratter, P., Schramel, P. (eds.) Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, pp. 657-674. de Gruyter, New York (1980)... 

Baker, G.A. and Moore, D.S. (2005) Progress in plasmonic engineering of surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates toward ultra-trace analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 382,1751-1770. 

Van Renterghem D and Cornelis R (1988) automatic radiochemical neutron activation analysis procedure for the simultaneous determination of the trace elements As, Au, Cd, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mo, Rb, Se and Zn in human serum. In Bratter P and Schramel P, eds. Trace Elements Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, pp. 55-60. de Gruyter, Berlin. 

Tolg G (1984) Selenium-analysis in biological materials. Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Biology and Medicine 3 95-125. 

Cole RB (1997) Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry - fundamentals, instrumentation applications. John Wiley Sons Inc, New York. CoRNELis R (1994) Quest for quality control in trace element analysis of clinical and biolo cal samples. How good are your data In Schramel P, Bratter P and Ribas B, eds. Trace element analytical chemistry in medicine and biology, Vol 6, pp. 73-90. Consejo Superior De Investigationes Cientificas, Madrid. 

Lakomaa, E.-L. (1980). Use of neutron activation analysis in the determination of elements in human cerebrospinal fluid. In Brtter, P. and Schramel, P. (eds.). Trace element analytical chemistry in medicine and biology. Walter de Gruber, Berlin, pp. 97-107. 

Generally, it is not possible to discuss the capacity of an analytical technique without regarding the problem simultaneously. Normally, different analytical methods are necessary to solve the given problems. And by this, the various analytical techniques should be seen as complementary rather than comparative. Always, the problem demands an adequate technique. This Includes all the questions about the element, the matrix, the quantity of sample material available for the analysis, the application in practice (routine analysis of research), time consumption (especially important for diagnosis and/or therapy control), price of the analysis, etc. Only combinations of different analytical techniques can help in solving the various problems in trace element analytical chemistry in the biomedical and environmental fields. No serious analyst should try to solve every problem by one technique, which happens to be in the laboratory. This would be in most of the cases a violation of the method and should be avoided for internationally better and comparable results in trace element research and practical application. 

Stoeppler, M. (1984). Recent improvements for nickel analysis in biological materials. In BrStter, P. and Schramel, P. (Editors), Trace Element - Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology. Vol. 3, p. 539-557, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 

Frenzel W, Bratter P (1987) Applications of electroanalytical flow analysis in the trace element determination of biological materials. In Bratter P, Schramel P (eds) Trace element analytical chemistry in medicine and biology. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, p 337 van den Berg CMG (1999) Determination of trace elements. Analysis by electrochemical methods. In Grasshoff K, Kremling K, Ehrhardt M (eds) Methods of seawater analysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 302 Kalvoda R (2000) Crit Rev Anal Chem 30 31 Mart L (1979) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 296 350 Barek J, Mejstfik V, Muck A, Zima J (2000) Crit Rev Anal Chem 30 37... 

When solids need to be analyzed, samples have to be dissolved. Sample decomposition methods range from simple dissolution in aqueous solutions to treatment with strong and oxidizing acids. In all sample dissolution and pretreatment work for ASS, attention must be paid to all the problems which be set trace elemental analytical chemistry. This includes precautions for avoiding contamination from the reagents, the vessels used, and from the laboratory atmosphere (->Trace Analysis). All... 

The analytical chemistry of titanium has been reviewed (179—181). Titanium ores can be dissolved by fusion with potassium pyrosulfate, followed by dissolution of the cooled melt in dilute sulfuric acid. For some ores, even if all of the titanium is dissolved, a small amount of residue may still remain. If a hiU analysis is required, the residue may be treated by moistening with sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids and evaporating, to remove siUca, and then fused in a sodium carbonate—borate mixture. Alternatively, fusion in sodium carbonate—borate mixture can be used for ores and a boiling mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate for titanium dioxide pigments. For trace-element deterrninations, the preferred method is dissolution in a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids. 

LGC - VAM Publications (i) The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods, A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, (2) Practical Statistics for the Analytical Scientist A Bench Guide By TJ Farrant, (3) Trace Analysis A structured Approach to Obtaining Reliable Results By E Pritchard, (4) Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement, and (5) Quality in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory. LGC/RSC Publications, London, England. 

Analysis of Substances in the Gaseous Phase Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Spectrochemical Trace Analysis for Metals and Metalloids Surfactants in Analytical Chemistry Environmental Analytical Chemistry... 

Probably the most extensive use of particle morphology and microscopy has been in the area of chemical microscopy. With this approach, derivatives of the analyte species are prepared, crystallized, and identified through the morphological characteristics of these derivatives [21]. Most of these applications have been superseded by modem methods of analysis, but the microscopic method can still be used by skilled practitioners for the study of trace quantities of analyte. The literature developed during the heyday of chemical microscopy is too large to be reviewed here, but advances in the field are still chronicled in the Annual Reviews issue of Analytical Chemistry [22]. A substantial review of the optical characteristics of organic compounds is available [23]. 

Hume, D., Pitfalls in the Determination of Environmental Trace Metals, Progress in Analytical Chemistry, 5, Chemical Analysis of the Environment, Plenum Press, 1973. 

Buffle, J. and Tercier-Waeber, M.-L. (2000). In situ voltammetry concepts and practice for trace analysis and speciation. In In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems Chemical Analysis and Speciation. eds. Buffle, J. and Horvai, G., Vol. 6, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, Series eds. Buffle, J. and van Leeuwen, H. P., John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp. 279 105. 

H.Fr. Schroeder, In D. Barcelo (Ed.), Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry Sample Handling and Trace Analysis of Pollutants-Techniques, Applications and Quality Assurance, vol. 21, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000, p. 828. 

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