Neutron activation analysis radiochemical

The apphed pretreatment techniques were digestion with a combination of acids in the pressurized or atmospheric mode, programmed dry ashing, microwave digestion and irradiation with thermal neutrons. The analytical methods of final determination, at least four different for each element, covered all modern plasma techniques, various AAS modes, voltammetry, instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis and isotope dilution MS. Each participating laboratory was requested to make a minimum of five independent rephcate determinations of each element on at least two different bottles on different days. Moreover, a series of different steps was undertaken in order to ensure that no substantial systematic errors were left undetected. 

Byrne AR, and Kucera J (1991) Radiochemical neutron activation analysis of traces of vanadium in biological samples A comparison of prior dry ashing with post-irradiation wet ashing. Fresenius f Anal Chem 340 48-52. 

Byrne AR, and Versieck J (1990) Vanadium determination at the ultratrace level in biological reference materials and serum by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 27 529-540. 

Byrne AR, Deemelj M, Kosta L, and Tusek-Znidaric M (1984) Radiochemical neutron activation analysis in standardization of trace elements in biological reference materials at the nanogram level. Mikrochim Acta [Wien] 1 119-126. 

Kucera J, and Soukal L (1993) Determination of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Sb and Se in biological reference materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nud Chem 168 185-199. 

Olariu, A., Constantinescu, M., Constantinescu, O., et al. (1999). Trace analysis of ancient gold objects using radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 240 261-267. 

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, neutron activation analysis provided a new way to measure bulk chemical composition. Neutron activation analysis utilizes (n,y) reactions to identify elements. A sample is placed in a nuclear reactor where thermal neutrons are captured by atoms in the sample and become radioactive. When they decay, the radioactive isotopes emit characteristic y-rays that are measured to determine abundances. Approximately 35 elements are routinely measured by neutron activation analysis. A number of others produce radioactive isotopes that emit y-rays, but their half-lives are too short to be useful. Unfortunately, silicon is one of these elements. Other elements do not produce y-ray-emitting isotopes when irradiated with neutrons. There are two methods of using neutron activation to determine bulk compositions, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA). 

Procedures for the determination of 11 elements in coal—Sb, As, Br, Cd, Cs, Ga, Hg, Rb, Se, U, and Zn—by neutron activation analysis with radiochemical separation are summarized. Separation techniques include direct combustion, distillation, precipitation, ion exchange, and solvent extraction. The evaluation of the radiochemical neutron activation analysis for the determination of mercury in coal used by the Bureau of Mines in its mercury round-robin program is discussed. Neutron activation analysis has played an important role in recent programs to evaluate and test analysis methods and to develop standards for trace elements in coal carried out by the National Bureau of Standards and the Environmental Protection Agency. 

Versieck, J. and L. Vanbalieiibeighe Determination of Tin in Human Blood Semm by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis,1 Analytical Chemistry. 1143 (June... 

For the following analyses, indicate whether radiochemical neutron activation analysis would be preferred to instrumental neutron activation analysis. If radiochemistry is indicated, briefly sketch the separation procedures to be used (a) the determination of ppm levels of Mo in flathead minnows, (b) the determination of the trace-element content of agricultural field-burning particulate matter, (c) the use of stable activable tracers to determine flow patterns in an ocean estuary, and (d) the determination of Dy in pine needles. 

Direct measurement of dietary zinc availability in humans requires development of the stable isotope tracer methodology. Several aspects of this integrated methodology are considered and briefly discussed. These are analytical isotopic measurement methodology, consequences of the finite precision of isotopic measurements, validation of in vivo measurements, and several aspects of biological labeling of human foods. It is shown that Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis provides a suitable method for accurate measurement of the stable isotopes Zn,... 

Of the five stable Isotopes of zinc, only three ( Zn, Zn, and Zn) can be measured with (delayed gamma) Neutron Activation Analysis and hlgh-resolutlon gamma spectrometry. The required methodology for the measurement of Zn is the most stringent of the three isotopes and the necessary Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis has been developed and described in detail elsewhere (.8), The salient features of neutron activation of these three Isotopes are tabulated in Table li and from these, two points emerge First, with the availahility of thermal neutron... 

Stable Isotope methodology has recently become sufficiently developed to permit relatively precise measurement of zinc absorption In human subjects. The methodology using Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis has been validated and Is now being applied to the study of the effects of various dietary and host factors on the availability of dietary zinc. However, additional analytical developments and refinements will be necessary before a maximum utilization of this safe and non-lnvaslve method Is... 

Rietz, B., Krarup-Hansen, A., Rprth, M. Determination of platinum by radiochemical neutron activation analysis in neural tissues from rats, monkeys and patients treated with cisplatin. Anal. Chim. Acta 426, 119-126 (2001)... 

Destructive method (radiochemical neutron activation analysis, RNAA) based on the chemical separation of radioelements into fractions, each of which contains some radionuclides [17-20]. 

Ave 4 45+-0.30 (6.7%) IRMS Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry RNAA > Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis... 

A large number chondrites have been analyzed with instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis using —250-350 mg samples of chondrites (Kallemeyn and Wasson, 1981 Wasson and Kallemeyn, 1988 Kallemeyn et al, 1991, 1994, 1996). Samples of this size can also be analyzed for many elements with comparable accuracy using X-ray fluorescence analysis (Wolf and Palme, 2001). Mean compositions of chon-drite groups are given by Lodders and Fegley (1998). 

Zhuang G, Wang Y, Zhi M, et al. 1989. Determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc in biological samples by radiochemical neutron-activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 129(2) 459-464. 

Allen RO, Steinnes E. 1978. Determination of vanadium in biological materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Anal Chem 50 1553-1555. 

Lievens P, Versieck J, Cornells R, et al. 1977. The distribution of trace elements in normal human liver determined by semi-automated radiochemical neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Chem 37 483-496. 

Van Renterghem D and Cornelis R (1988) automatic radiochemical neutron activation analysis procedure for the simultaneous determination of the trace elements As, Au, Cd, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mo, Rb, Se and Zn in human serum. In Bratter P and Schramel P, eds. Trace Elements Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, pp. 55-60. de Gruyter, Berlin. 

WiLDHAGEN D and Keivan V (1993) Determination of platinum in environmental and geological samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Anal Chim Acta 274 257-266. 

NAA, XRF, and isotope dilution analysis, by listing the parameters analytes determinable, concentration ranges, selectivity, analysis time and cost. Vandecasteele (1991) presents a review of recent developments and trends in instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis as well as charged particle activation analysis and performance comparison with ICP-MS. 

Alfassi ZB (1994c) Radiochemical neutron activation analysis. In Alfassi ZB, ed. Determination of trace elements, pp. 309-357. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim. 

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