Toxic property

R. Y. Eagers, Toxic Properties of Inorganic Eluorine Compounds, Elsevier Publishing Co., Ltd., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1969, p. 43. 

No toxicological studies have been reported on the triple salt. However, because of the common confusion of this compound with potassium hydrogen monoperoxosulfate monohydrate, it is possible that the pubHshed descriptions of the toxic properties of this latter compound actually refer to the triple salt. If this is so, then the triple salt must be regarded as toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (2). 

Chemical Formula Boiling poiat, °C Odor threshold Toxicity properties, ppm Threshold limit IDLH coaceatratioa... 

Avitrol [504-24-5] (4-anHnopyridine) (24), mp 155—158°C, bp 273°C, has repeUent—toxicant properties for birds and is classed as a severe poison and irritant. This secondary bird repeUent can be used as a broadcast bait, causing uncoordinated flight and distress caUs and escape responses in nearby birds (57). A reevaluation shows lack of effectiveness of 1% baits but better control of blackbirds with 3% baits (58). Suspected contamination of drinking water with 4-aminopyridine has been reported in toxicosis of Brahman catde and horses (59). 

Carbon tetrachloride is the oldest and was the most extensively used chlorinated solvent in degreasing and dry-cleaning operations for many years. Consequently, its narcotic and toxic properties have been the subject of much investigation. Carefiil investigations have repeatedly shown carbon tetrachloride to be one of the most harm fill of the common solvents (37). 

In the past, juglone had been used to dye wool and cotton a yellowish brown. Although it no longer has any commercial value as a dye, it is a fungicide and as such finds use in the treatment of skin diseases. Its toxic properties have been made use of in catching fish. Juglone has been used to detect very small amounts of nickel salts since it gives a deep violet color with such salts. 

The best advantages of explosion suppression systems is that they can also be used for explosions of combustible materials with toxic properties and that there is no penetration on the location of the process equipment for safe application. 

In addition to their endocrine disrupting properties, it must be appreciated that many of the chemicals in question possess more general toxic properties, which may be potentiated by metabolism by the organism. Several PAHs, PCBs and PCDDs are carcinogenic, while certain phthalate esters can enhance the excretion of zinc, potentially leading to zinc deficiency. Zinc, an essential element, plays a vital role in spermatogenesis and mature T-cell production. Deficiency may result in abnormalities of the male reproductive system, depletion of spermatogenesis and suppression of the immune system. 

Solvent cleaners These are tri-chloro ethylene (TCE) and are highly evaporating cleaners, possessing toxic properties. Their application is the same as for neutral cleaners. 

The handling of the monomer presents a number of problems. The monomer will polymerise on storage even under an inert gas. Polymer deposition may be observed after standing for less than a day. Exposure to air, to water or to light will accelerate polymerisation. A number of phenolic materials are effective inhibitors, a typical example being 0.02% p-methoxyphenol. Exposure to light, air and water must, however, still be avoided. The monomer has an anaesthetic action and chronic toxic properties and care must therefore be taken in its handling. 

Polymeric ethyl cyanoacrylate exhibits very low toxicity properties. In tests with laboratory rats, oral administration of 6400 mg/kg of the polymer failed to harm the test animals. Some skin irritation did occur in tests on guinea pigs, but skin sensitization or absorption through the skin was not observed [45]. 

Safety valve releases are routed to blowdown drums when the presence of liquid, toxic properties or other factors would make discharge to the atmosphere hazardous. Product and intermediate process streams may need to be diverted to alternative disposal if they are off-specification (e.g., during startup) or in the event of emergency shutdown of downstream equipment. 

Dose-response relationship 1 he toxicological concept that the toxicity of a substance depends not only on its toxic properties, but also on the amount of exposure or dose. 

The common hemlock, Conium maculatum, contain five alkaloids. Power and Tutin found a similar mixture in fool s parsley, and a volatile alkaloid resembling coniine i.s stated to occur in certain aroids. According to Svagr, water hemlock Cicuta virosa) owes its poisonous properties to toxin and not to cicutine, a name sometimes used as a synonym for coniine. The toxic properties of hemlock juice have been known ftom very early times thus it was the chief ingredient in the poison administered to criminals by the Greeks. The leaves and the unripe fruits are the parts used in medicine. The following are the names and formulae of the alkaloids —... 

TABLE 21.7.1 Hazard and Toxic Properties of Materials in Ethylene Production ... 

Phenol was the first commercial antiseptic its introduction into hospitals in the 1870s led to a dramatic decrease in deaths from postoperative infections. Its use for this purpose has long since been abandoned because phenol burns exposed tissue, but many modern antiseptics are phenol derivatives. Toluene has largely replaced benzene as a solvent because it is much less toxic. Oxidation of toluene in the body gives benzoic acid, which is readily eliminated and has none of the toxic properties of the oxidation products of benzene. Indeed, benzoic acid or its sodium salt (Na+, C6H5COO ions) is widely used as a preservative in foods and beverages, including fruit juices and soft drinks. 

Elemental bromine is a readily evaporating liquid (pBr at 1 °C = 0.23 bar) with high reactivity. Because of the good solubility of Br2 in lipids, its aggressive and toxic properties affect skin and mucous membranes (bronchi). The MAK value of elemental Br2 is defined as 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg m 3), while the sense of smell is affected at a value of 0.01 ppm. The lethal concentration (around 100-200 ppm) is reached for example, by twice the MAK value, 5 min, eight times per working unit [91, 92]. 

Barnes JM, Stoner HB (1958) Toxic properties of some dialkyl and trialkyl tin salts. British Journaiof industriai Medicine, 15 15-22. 

Traditionally, hood interiors were made from asbestos sheets, which had both good chemical and good heat resistance. Their main problem was that they absorbed any liquid that was spilled on them. Asbestos has now lost its favor because of its toxic properties. Modem hoods usually have interiors of highly resistant plastic, often fiberglass reinforced. Such surfaces are easy to keep clean, but their temperature resistance may be limited. 

The Basic Concept of the QSAR Technique. The QSAR technique has been widely employed in modeling biological activities as well as ADME/Tox (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) properties. This approach was first introduced by Flansch et al. in 1963, on the basis of linear... 

The toxic properties of Pteridium aquilinum L., the common bracken fern, have been known to humankind for a very long time. Two principal causes of trouble are its carcinogenic properties (M. Saito et al., 1975 I. A. Evans, 1976 Hirono, 1986)... 

The different types or classes of phytochemicals can have multiple influences on the GIT (Kitts, 1994). For example, caffeine stimulates the motor, hormonal and secretory functions (Boekmaefa/., 1999). Although many phytochemicals reduce nutrient quality or availability, traditional herbal medicines have exploited some of these characteristics to improve health. Moreover, some of the systemic responses attributed to certain phytochemicals (beneficial or detrimental) can be explained by their influences on the GIT (Carbonaro et al., 2001). To date, the most of the information about phytochemicals is focused on the reductions in the functional capacities of the GIT (the bad), or the toxic properties (the ugly). There are also numerous examples of phytochemicals that can be used to obtain desirable GIT characteristics (the... 

Measurement of exposure can be made by determining levels of toxic chemicals in human serum or tissue if the chemicals of concern persist in tissue or if the exposure is recent. For most situations, neither of these conditions is met. As a result, most assessments of exposure depend primarily on chemical measurements in environmental media coupled with semi-quantitative assessments of environmental pathways. However, when measurements in human tissue are possible, valuable exposure information can be obtained, subject to the same limitations cited above for environmental measurement methodology. Interpretation of tissue concentration data is dependent on knowledge of the absorption, excretion, metabolism, and tissue specificity characteristics for the chemical under study. The toxic hazard posed by a particular chemical will depend critically upon the concentration achieved at particular target organ sites. This, in turn, depends upon rates of absorption, transport, and metabolic alteration. Metabolic alterations can involve either partial inactivation of toxic material or conversion to chemicals with increased or differing toxic properties. 

The molecular structure is at the basis of physicochemical, DMPK, as well as safety/toxicity properties, as outlined in Fig. 2.1. Measurement and prediction of... 

Fig. 2.1 Dependency of DMPK and safety/toxicity properties on structural and physicochemical properties.

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