Alkaloids volatile

N.A. Justicia adhatoda L. Alkaloids, volatile oil." For bronchitis, tuberculosis. 

Arecoline, CgHj 302N. This, the most important alkaloid of areca nut, is an odourless, alkaline oil, b.p. 209°, volatile in steam, miseible with most organic solvents and water, but extractable from the latter by ether in presence of dissolved salts. The salts are crystalline, but usually deliquescent the hydrobromide, B. HBr, forms slender prisms, m.p. 177-9°, from hot alcohol the aurichloride, B. HAUCI4, is an oil, but the platinichloride, B2. H2PtClg, m.p. 176°, crystallises from water in orange-red rhombs. The methiodide forms glancing prisms, m.p. 173-4°. 

The common hemlock, Conium maculatum, contain five alkaloids. Power and Tutin found a similar mixture in fool s parsley, and a volatile alkaloid resembling coniine i.s stated to occur in certain aroids. According to Svagr, water hemlock Cicuta virosa) owes its poisonous properties to toxin and not to cicutine, a name sometimes used as a synonym for coniine. The toxic properties of hemlock juice have been known ftom very early times thus it was the chief ingredient in the poison administered to criminals by the Greeks. The leaves and the unripe fruits are the parts used in medicine. The following are the names and formulae of the alkaloids —... 

Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. (A. lutescens Jacquemont.) Indian belladonna. Whole plant, grown from Indian seed in the United States, 0-32 to 0-38 large stems, 0-14, According to Corfield, Kassner and Collins,the leaves and roots, as imported from India, contain on the average 0-45 and 0-47 of non-volatile alkaloid, respectively. Much volatile alkaloid (MarkwelUi). Recognised in the British Pharmacopoeia 1932, Addendum V. 

Hclvclla csculcnta. Liquid, volatile alkaloid, CgHi2(i4)N2 picrate, m.p. 145-150° (Aye, Arch. Pharm., 1933, 271, 537). 

Comhretum micranthum. From the leaves of this W, African native drug Lahmann prepared a non-volatile alkaloid, combretine. (Heil u. Gewurz-Pflanzen, 1943, 22, 1 Chem. Abstr., 1946, 40, 7523.)... 

N-Nitrosamines are formed during processing and smoking of tobacco products. Proteins, agricultural chemicals and alkaloids in tobacco products serve as major precursors for volatile, nonvolatile, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (Figure 1). In this review we will summarize the progress achieved in respect to tobacco nitrosamines since the last ACS symposium in Boston in June of 1978 (J ). Additional papers will review the metabolism of cyclic N-nitrosamines, including that of N -nitrosonornicotine 1) and the correlation between tobacco and alcohol consumption and cancer of the upper alimentary tract (J ). 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco Smoke. Although there are more than 10 million exsmokers in the U.S.A., 53 million adults continue to smoke cigarettes and an additional 10 million still smoke cigars or pipes (39). The cigarette smokers are exposed to about 10 ng of volatile nitrosamines, 20-40 ng of NDELA and, most importantly, to 1-10 pg of tobacco specific N-nitros-amines with each cigarette smoked (Table IV). Similar quantities of the TSNA are found in sidestream smoke. The quantities of TSNA in the smoke are dependent on nitrate, nitrite, tobacco alkaloids and on NNN, NNK and NAT in the tobacco itself (31)>... 

With the death of the bean, cellular structure is lost, allowing the mixing of water-soluble components that normally would not come into contact with each other. The complex chemistry that occurs during fermentation is not fully understood, but certain cocoa enzymes such as glycosidase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase are active. In general, proteins are hydrolyzed to smaller proteins and amino acids, complex glycosides are split, polyphenols are partially transformed, sugars are hydrolyzed, volatile acids are formed, and purine alkaloids diffuse into the bean shell. The chemical composition of both unfermented and fermented cocoa beans is compared in Table 1. 

From the hair-pencils of butterflies in Danainae and Ithomiinae (Papilion-oidea Nymphalidae), a wider variety of pyrrolizines (la-d, and 6a-d) have been identified than from Arctiidae moths. These compounds are biosynthesized from pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are included in host plants fed by the larvae and protect them from the attacks of other herbivores [122]. In addition to novel lactones (7, 8a, and 8b) derived from an acid part of the alkaloids, many volatiles of more than 100 compounds (aromatics, terpenoids, hydrocarbons, and others) constitute scent bouquets of the male butterflies [123]. For example, the hair-pencil of Idea leuconoe (Danainae) which is distributed in South-East Asia contained 16 compounds (6b, 8a, 8b, 9, and others), and a mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in the females as a crude extract of the male hair-pencils did [ 124]. A chiral GC analysis revealed the absolute config-... 

Microscopic examination showed the pupae of the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis to be covered with glandular hairs, each having a droplet of oil at its tip. Attygalle and co-workers undertook a chemical analysis of this secretion, which resulted in the identification of a novel family of alkaloids, the azamacrolides [40]. Five compounds (27-31) (Fig. 6) were identified by GC-EIMS from the secretion, with epilachnene (27) comprising over 90% of the volatile material. 

Nicotine is an oily, volatile liquid and is the principal alkaloid found in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum). It can be seen to be a combination of two types of heterocycle, i.e. the aromatic pyridine and the non-aromatic N-methylpyrrolidine. 

NT391 Izman, G. V., N. A. Sherstyannykh, NT402 and L. G. Astaghova. Analysis of the tobacco haploids, produced by culturing anthers in vitro, in regards to their content of alkaloids and volatile acids. 

NT440 Nagaraj, G., and M. K. Chakraborty. Alkaloids and volatile acids of natu tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Indian J Chem 1979 17B (6) 648-649. 

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