Copper toxic properties

In some studies the main aim is identification of the chemical form of an element which has toxic properties, or which translocates within an ecosystem (e.g. a nutrient species). For example, the hydrated Cu2+ ion is considered to be more toxic than the other copper species normally found in waters, and measurement of the level of this ion using an ion-selective electrode would meet the speciation challenge . 

Copper is one of the several heavy metals that have essential as well as toxic properties. Copper is toxic to many bacteria and viruses but for plants copper toxicity is virtually... 

Conversion coatings. Some metals can be treated by oxidizing agents, preferentially chromate solutions, to prepare an oxide film saturated by chromate ions. This is one of the most effective corrosion preventing treatments of metal surfaces and is applied to aluminum, copper, and zinc. Chromate ions are known for toxic properties. Pohtical decisions have banned this surface treatment for the future. So far no alternative corrosion protecting treatment of similar effectiveness has been developed. 

In aqueous solutions, copper(I) only forms the hydrolysis species CuOH(aq) and Cu(OH)2" due to the fact it has a coordination number of 2. Copper(I) also forms the mineral phase cuprite, Cu20(s). This phase has important applications as an antifouling agent in paints for marine craft due to the toxic properties of copper. 

Mercury and silver have long been known to have antibacterial properties and preparations of these metals were among the earliest used antiseptics, but have been replaced by less toxic compounds. Other metals such as zinc, copper, aluminium and tin have weak antibacterial properties but are used in medicine for other functions, e.g. aluminium acetate and zinc sulphate are employed as astringents. 

PHMB is very toxic to fish and aquatic life. It is moreover irritating to skin and may cause sensitization by skin contact. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. The PHMB is not compatible with most common swimming pool chemicals. Not compatible with chlorine and chlorinated chemicals and bromine donors. Not compatible with ionic sterilizers, copper based QAC-algicides, anionic detergents, water softening chemicals, persulfate oxidants etc. The defence of the inventors of PHMB is that one should not combine it with other biocides because it should be a bactericide/algicide. But the algicidal properties of PHMB are very weak in brochures and manuals the dose is 200 ppm. 

Extrapolating properties, defined, 16 729 Extra spring copper alloys, 7 723t Extreme ambient conditions, lubrication and, 15 252-256 Extreme-case analysis, 9 547 Extreme environments, solid and liquid lubricants for, 15 256 Extremely low toxic substances, 23 113 Extreme pressure (EP) lubrication regime, 15 214. See also EP entries Extreme purity gases, analyses of, 13 468 Extreme ultraviolet lithography, 15 189-191... 

Uses. The unalloyed metal cannot be directly used owing to its bad mechanical properties and its high oxidability. Several thallium alloys are used as semiconductors or ceramic compounds it may be used as additive to gold, silver or copper contacts in the electronic industries. Thallium is dangerously toxic. 

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