Environmental measurement

Port McMurray Syncmde Canada, Ltd. 190 immediate environmental measures reduced SO2 emissions... 

Bacharach. Combustion and Environmental Measurement Instruments. Technical documents and promotional literature. Bacharach, Inc., USA, 1998. 

The toxic chemical(s) of concern must be Identified and their physical and chemical characteristics evaluated The concentrations of each of the chemicals must be measured, ideally in both the environment and In the tissues of exposed humans Depending on the nature and distribution of toxic material, environmental measurements may be required In air, water, soil, or food, or In combinations of these media The critical limiting factor at this stage of assessment relates to the degree to which particular chemicals can be identified... 

Measurement of exposure can be made by determining levels of toxic chemicals in human serum or tissue if the chemicals of concern persist in tissue or if the exposure is recent. For most situations, neither of these conditions is met. As a result, most assessments of exposure depend primarily on chemical measurements in environmental media coupled with semi-quantitative assessments of environmental pathways. However, when measurements in human tissue are possible, valuable exposure information can be obtained, subject to the same limitations cited above for environmental measurement methodology. Interpretation of tissue concentration data is dependent on knowledge of the absorption, excretion, metabolism, and tissue specificity characteristics for the chemical under study. The toxic hazard posed by a particular chemical will depend critically upon the concentration achieved at particular target organ sites. This, in turn, depends upon rates of absorption, transport, and metabolic alteration. Metabolic alterations can involve either partial inactivation of toxic material or conversion to chemicals with increased or differing toxic properties. 

Taylor, J. K. In Quality Assurance for Environmental Measurements" ASTM STP 867 Philadelphia, PA, 1984. 

Byrne AR, and Kucera J (1997) Role of the self-validation principle of NAA in the quality assurance of bioenvironmental studies and in the certification of reference materials. Proc. Int. Symp. Harmonization of Health Related Environmental Measurements Using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques, Hyderabad, India, pp 223-238. IAEA Vienna. 

Kirchhoee WH, cd. (1977) Methods and Standards for Environmental Measurements. Proceedings of the 8th Materials Research Symposium, NBS, Gaithersburg, MD 20234, 8ep 1976. NBS Special Pub 464 U.S. Govt Printing Office, Washington D.C. 

NRC. 1984. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Lower limit of detection definition and elaboration of a purposed position for radiological effluent and environmental measurements. U.S. Report NUREG/CR-4007. 

We are all on the same boat—the Earth, the important thing is what we do together for the optimization of the worlds conditions through environmental measures and energy conservation. 

Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, New York,... 

Geophysics Division, Denver Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Denver, CO 80225 Environmental Measurement Laboratory, Department of Energy, New York, NY 10014... 

The Bureau of Mines, Denver Research Center and the Department of Energy, Environmental Measurement Laboratory, developed through parallel efforts, two closely related techniques for the measurement of 218p0 (RaA) diffusion coefficient spectra. This work was prompted by reports in the past 5 years indicating that the diffusion coefficient of unattached 218Po may vary due to various physical and chemical factors in different environments. The diffusion coefficient is important because it affects the amount and site of 218Po deposition in the respiratory tract. 

Allen R, Howell T, Pruitt W, Walter I, Jensen M, eds. Lysimeters for Evapotranspiration and Environmental Measurements. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lysimetry. Honolulu, Hawaii. July 23-25,1991. 

Japan Chemical Week 39, No.2003, 3rd Dec. 1998, p.4-5 ESSENTIAL FOR HIGHER FUNCTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES NECESSARY... 

Environmental Health Occupational Health and Safety Environmental Measurement... 

One of the most provocative new areas in behavior genetics might be labeled the genetics of environmental measures (Plomin, 1994a). This domain has two facets. The first is external dealing with objective characteristics of the environment, for example, the... 

The study of stressful life events is a nice example of the type of variable studied in the second domain of environmental measures mentioned previously. Psychologists have for years studied the influences of a wide variety of life events, family interaction patterns, etc., under the hypothesis that they were proximal causal variables with regard to a variety of psychological outcomes. The now discredited hypothesis of the refrigerator mother is a classic example. 

Liggett, W. ASTM Conf. on Quality Assurance for Environmental Measurements, STP (in press) 1984, Boulder, CO. 

The potential of modern chemical instrumentation to detect and measure the conposition of coirplex mixtures has made it necessary to consider the use of methods of multivariable data analysis in the overall evaluation of environmental measurements. In a number of instances, the category (chemical class) of the compound that has given rise to a series of signals may be known but the specific entity responsible for a given signal may not be. This is true, for example, for the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB s) in which the clean-up procedure and use of specific detectors eliminates most possibilities except PCB s. Such hierarchical procedures simplify the problem somewhat but it is still advantageous to apply data reduction methods during the course of the interpretation process. 

The major emphasis in environmental measurements over the past 2 years has been on development of procedures for Level 1. As presently conceived. Level 1 is structured to produce a cost-effective information base for prioritizing streams and for planning any subsequent programs. The specific procedures applied are detailed in two published manuals, the first covering sampling and chemical analysis (4) and the second biological tests (5). Application of the complete battery of procedures provides input data to support evaluation of the following questions ... 

According to the Federal Research in Progress Database, Perry and Tsao at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory are studying the chemical species and transport of thorium in soil. In other on-going projects, Krey et al. at Environmental Measurements Laboratory in New York are studying the daily intake of thorium, and Mclnroy et al. at Los Alamos National Laboratory are studying the tissue levels of thorium in the general population and occupationally exposed individuals. 

Krey P, Fiseene I, Perry P, et al. n.d. Natural radioactivity in the biosphere. Environmental Measurements Laboratory, New York, NY. 

Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People s Republic of China (2010) Ministry of Environmental Protection Order 7—environmental measures on new chemical substances. MEP website http //www.mep.gov.cn/. Accessed 29 Jan 2012... 

Epidemiological data are often based on broad populations such as a community, a nationwide probability sample, registries or disease surveillance programmes (Savitz Harlow, 1991 Scialli et al., 1997). Potential toxicants are also monitored in outdoor air, food, water and soil. These measurements can be used to calculate estimated exposure of humans through contact with their contaminated environment. However, such environmental measurements are difficult to link to... 

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