Toothpaste products fluorides

Cosmetics that are intended to treat or prevent disease or alter a body function are considered drug products. Examples include toothpastes with fluoride (prevent cavities), srmtanning lotions/creams (prevent exposme to UV light), antiperspirants that are also deodorants (prevent perspiration), and antidandruff shampoos (prevent or treat dandruff). The key in determining whether a product is a cosmetic or a drug-cosmetic product is the product s claim Does the label claim that the product will treat or prevent disease ... 

Several agents deUvered via toothpaste inhibit the accumulation of dental calculus. Pyrophosphate salts, with or without a methoxyethylene—maleic acid copolymer, and zinc salts have given positive results in clinical trials (5). Pyrophosphates were added as potassium or sodium pyrophosphate or mixtures at a level of about 2—6%. The zinc salt was zinc citrate [546-46-3] (0.5—2.0%) or zinc chloride [7646-85-7] (2.0%). The products all contained fluoride in addition to the calculus inhibitor. The anticaries activity of the fluoride was not compromised (6). 

Though dental afflictions constitute a very significant disease entity, these have received relatively little attention from medicinal chemists. (The fluoride toothpastes may form an important exception.) This therapeutic target Is, however, sufficiently Important to be the focus of at least some research. A highly functionalized piperazine derivative that has come out of such work shows prophylactic activity against dental caries. Condensation of the enol ether 1 of thiourea with ji-pentylisocyanate gives the addition product 1J. Reaction of this with diamine 78, derived from piperazine, leads to substitution of the methylthio moiety by the primary amine, in all likelihood by an addition-elimination sequence. There is thus obtained ipexidine (79). ... 

Often the need or desire can be satisfied by a substance that is presently on the market, but it is projected that a new product will either do a betteijob, cost less, or require less time and effort. The toothpastes produced before 1960 did a respectable job of cleaning teeth, but the addition of fluoride made them better cavity preventa-tives, and those toothpastes that added fluorides became the best sellers. Orange juice could be shipped in its natural form to northern markets, but frozen concentrated orange juice occupies one-fourth the volume and costs less to the consumer. TV dinners and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals cost more than the same foods in their natural state, but they reduce the time spent in the kitchen. All of these items resulted from research followed by design. 

Probably the most common use of fluorine is its addition to municipal water supphes to help prevent tooth decay. Stannous (II) fluoride (SnFj) is added to the water in proportions of about one part per million (1 ppm). In addition, many brands of toothpaste add stannous fluoride or other fluoride compounds to their product to help prevent tooth decay. Tooth enamel degenerates overtime. Fluorine promotes remineralization, essentially making a form of new enamel called fluorapatite, which is resistant to decay. 

The risk of fluorosis is only of concern for children below about 8 years of age, because enamel can no longer be affected once pre-eruptive maturation has occurred [89]. As far as cosmetic effects are concerned, the critical age is somewhat younger because at this age the central incisors are undergoing development, and hence are at a stage that makes them susceptible to fluorosis. For children at the age likely to be affected, the main sources of fluoride are drinking water, processed food and beverages, toothpaste and other dental products (i.e., tablets or drops). 

In most cases, fluoridated toothpastes are acceptable substances for use, but even for these products, there is some risk of fluorosis. For example, children who began using them before the age of 2 were shown to be at higher risk of developing fluorosis than children who do not use it at all [94,95]. However, the relative importance of the various factors that govern exposure to fluoride from this source (age of starting to use fluoridated toothpastes, amount used and frequency) is not known. 

Metals Metals are used as collapsible tubes and in aerosol containers. The most common metals in use are tin, aluminum, and lead. Tin is the most expensive, while lead is the cheapest. Laminates of tin-coated lead provide the appearance and oxidation resistance of straight tin at lower prices [89]. Tin is the most chemically inert of all collapsible tube metals. It offers a good appearance and compatibility with a wide range of products. Aluminum tubes provide the attractiveness of tin at relatively lower cost. Lead has the lowest cost of all tube metals and is widely used for nonfood products such as adhesives. However, with internal linings, lead tubes are used for such products as fluoride toothpaste. If the product is not compatible with bare metal, the interior can be flushed with wax-type formulations or with resin solutions. 

Most of the world production of phosphates goes into fertilizer, but some is used as detergent builders (Section 7.7). In toothpastes, calcium pyrophosphate has proved effective as a mild abrasive in eliminating tartar, while Na2[FP03], made by reaction of NaF with cyclic sodium metaphosphates (NaP03), is widely used as a fluoridating agent to suppress dental caries (Section 12.3). A minor amount of rock phosphate is used to make elemental phosphorus by reduction with coke in the presence of silica in the electric furnace (see Section 17.7) ... 

It does not interfere with the effectiveness of the product. For example, fluoride toothpastes have to be formulated carefully, as the various fluorides react with certain excipients, rendering the product ineffective. 

Why is calcium fluoride not used in toothpaste " FYI, calcium fluoride occurs narurally, while sodium fluoride is largely a by-product of the aluminum industry. 

In spite of its toxicity and extreme reactivity, fluorine is widely used for the manufacture of polymers such as Teflon, (C2F4) . Fluorine is also important in the production of UF6, used in the separation of uranium isotopes for nuclear power plants, and fluoride ion is added to toothpaste in the form of NaF to help prevent tooth decay. 

Uses fluoride compounds are used in making steel, chemicals, ceramics, lubricants, dyes, plastics, and pesticides fluorine and hydrogen fluoride are used to make certain chemical compounds hydrofluoric acid is used for etching glass fluorides are also added to drinking water, dental products, toothpaste, and mouth rinses... 

The composition of some popular toothpastes is important for a proper understanding of this topic. With the exception of extra strength products, the various dentifrices are formulated to provide 1000 ppm of fluoride. Comparative compositions of some fluoride dentifrices are shown in Table 4. 

One of the best known uses of fluorine is in the production of fluorides, used as additives in toothpastes and municipal water supplies. Fluorides are effective in preventing tooth decay and have been widely used in the United States for this purpose since the 1950s. 

Small ingestions of low concentration fluoride products (e.g., toothpaste) may generally be managed by dilution with milk. Dermal exposures should be... 

This chapter describes how individuals with severe enamel fluorosis (mottled tooth enamel) became associated with fluoride in the public water supply and protection from dental caries. A comparison of caries experience with the fluoride content of public water supplies and enamel fluorosis in adolescents indicated that 1 pg fluoride/mL (1 part/million) in the water provides caries protection with minimal enamel fluorosis (sect. 1). One mechanism is the spontaneous isomorphic replacement of apatite s hydroxide anions with fluoride, which reduces enamel solubility. A second is fluoride-mediated inhibition of enolase, which retards bacterial acid production at teeth surfaces. These findings led to the use of fluoride in toothpastes, which provides better protection from caries at tooth surfaces than water fluoridation alone (sect. 2). The chapter concludes with a discussion of potentially harmful effects of fluoride ingestion (sect. 3). 

The presence of even one fluoride ion in the crystal slows the transformation to amorphous calcium monohydrogen phosphate. Thus, in the presence of fluoride (e.g., after using fluoridated toothpastes), fluoroapatite forms at the tooth surface and reduces the rate of caries development. The increased fluoride concentration at the tooth surface also inhibits lactate production. These observations explain why cleaning the teeth with fluoridated toothpaste prevent caries. Cleaning the teeth exposes the apatite at the enamel surface. In the absence of fluoride, there is no protection because the biofilm forms within a few... 

In the USA, water fluoridation became widely available after 1955 and fluoridated toothpastes after 1975 and caries in adolescent children has decreased by 66%. The effects of fluoride on caries are topical from the surface to the interior. Water fluoridation ensures small amounts of fluoride throughout a tooth and fluoridated toothpaste enhances the fluoride concentration at the tooth surface. Protection from caries by artificial fluoridation of water supplies and fluoridated toothpaste is cumulative. Investigations as to how fluoridation protects from caries has identified three mechanisms of caries protection (1) inhibition of demineralization, (2) enhancement of remineralization, and (3) inhibition of bacterial enolase activity reducing lactate production from ingested carbohydrates. Fluoride has little effect on bacterial growth, and gives no direct protection from gingivitis, periodontitis, or osteoporosis... 

Crest toothpaste (or other product containing sodium fluoride)... 

The reduction in dental caries as a result of fluoridation of water supplies and use of fluoride containing toothpastes is well known (Shell s and Duckworth 1994). This is clearly linked in part to the fact that the solubility product of fluorapatite is less than that of HAP (Moreno et al. 1977). For a partial replacement of OIT by F ions, the solubility product for Ca5(P04)3(0H)i.xFx is a minimum for x = 0.56 (Moreno et al. 1977). Chow and Banes (2001) and LeGeros (1991) discuss further the effects of F ions on the solubility, rate of dissolution and formation of apatites. Fluoride has also been used in attempts to rebuild bone lost as a result of osteoporosis (see Grynpas and Cheng 1988 and Baud et al. 1988 for references). Fluoride has effects on both bone mineral and cellular activity (Baylink et al. 1970, Banes and Reddi 1979). For example, F ions reduce the rate of dissolution of the mineral in acidic buffers (Grynpas and Cheng 1988). Other effects on the mineral will be mentioned later. 

UN identification number is 1045. The NFPA 704 designation is health 4, flammability 0, and reactivity 4. The white section at the bottom of the diamond contains a W with a slash through it, indicating water reactivity. Because of the strong reactivity with other materials, it is shipped in special steel containers. The primary uses are in the production of metallic and other fluorides, fluorocarbons, fluoridation of drinking water, and in toothpaste. 

Children may be exposed to high levels of fluorides if they swallow dental products containing fluoridated toothpaste, gels, or rinses. Parents should supervise brushing and place at most, a small pea size dab of toothpaste on the brush and teach children not to swallow dental products. 

Fluoride-liberating chemicals are used in some automobile wheel cleaners, glass etching solutions, insecticides, rodenticides, aluminum production, vitamins or dietary supplements, and products to prevent dental caries. Most toothpaste contains up to 5 mg fluoride per teaspoon. Fluoride is commonly added to community drinking water. It is also found in hydrofluoric acid (see p 221), which is used for etching glass and cleaning silicon chip products. Soluble fluoride salts are rapidly absorbed and are more acutely toxic (Table 11-25). 

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