Antidandruff shampoos

Domestic consumption of selenium in 1981 exceeded 453,000 kg. About 50% was used in electronic and copier components, 22% in glass manufacturing, 20% in chemicals and pigments, and 8% miscellaneous (Cleveland et al. 1993). In 1987, world production of selenium was about 1.4 million kg (USPHS 1996). In 1986, 46% of the global selenium produced was used in the semiconductor and photoelectric industries 27% in the glass industry to counter coloration impurities from iron 14% in pigments and 13% in medicine, in antidandruff shampoos, as catalysts in... 

N.A. Stigmast-4-3-one, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, polysaccharides, aretylcholine, serotonin, quercitin, histamine, choline, glucoquinone.99,102,176,304 Treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, hair tonic and growth stimulation, use in antidandruff shampoo. 

Medicated Dandruff Shampoos. Dandruff is a scalp condition characterized by the production of excessive cellular material (18). A number of shampoos have been marketed which are designed to control and alleviate this condition, and many additives have been included in shampoo compositions to classify them as treatment products for dandruff. These additives include antimicrobial additives, eg, quaternary ammonium salts keratolytic agents, eg, salicyclic acid and sulfur heavy metals, eg, cadmium sulfide coal tar resorcinol and many others. More recent (ca 1993) systems use selenium sulfide [7488-56-4] or zinc pyrithione [13463-41 -7] as active antidandruff shampoo additives. Both of these additives are classified as drugs, but can be found in over-the-counter products. A stronger version, incorporating the use of higher levels of selenium sulfide in a shampoo, is available but requires a prescription for purchase. 

Pyrithione (zinc salt of) is used as a component of antidandruff shampoos and as a bactericide in soap and detergent formulations. This compound (2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide) exists in equilibrium with N-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione and is a fungicide and bactericide, prepared by reaction of 2-chloropyridine N-oxide with sodium hydrosulfide and sodium sulfide. This compound is also known as Omadine, Its formula is shown below. 

Pierard, G.E., Arrese, J.E., Pierard-Franchimont, C., and De Doncker, P. Prolonged effects of antidandruff shampoos-time to recurrence of Malassezia ovalis colonisation of skin. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 19, 111-117 (1997). 

The crown structure of cpc/o-octasulfur, Sg, is only one member of an homologous series of S (n = 6-26) rings (Figure 4). Additionally, cyclic sulfur oxides such as SeO and S7O2 and mixed sulfur-selenium systems are known. These latter compounds are of some coimnercial significance, with applications as diverse as antidandruff shampoos, fireworks, and polymerization inhibitors. 

Selenium is used in a wide variety of industries, including electronics, glass, ceramics, glass coloring, steel, pigment manufacturing, and rubber production. Medicinally, selenium is used in antidandruff shampoos and as a dietary supplement. 

There is minimal absorption of anionic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants. Antidandruff shampoos may contain zinc pyridinethione and selenium... 

Pyrithione zinc is available in several proprietary and own brands of antidandruff shampoos, which are not licensed as medicines. 

It is not itchy but it is extremely flaky and embarrassing. He has tried various antidandruff shampoos and nothing seems to work. He asks if there is any cure. 

Elemental selenium (selenium[0]) is rarely found naturally, but it is stable in soils. Selenates (selenium[+6]) and selenites (selenium[+4]) are water soluble and can be found in water. Sodium selenate is among the most mobile forms of selenium because of its high solubility and inability to adsorb to soil particles. More insoluble forms, such as elemental selenium, are less mobile therefore, there is less risk for exposure. Because of greater bioavailability, water-soluble selenium compounds are probably more lethal than elemental selenium by any route. Selenium is found in nature complexed with multiple compounds, and although various forms are discussed in the profile, many others exist. Plants can contain organic selenium in the form of the amino acids selenomethionine and selenocysteine, along with the dimethyl selenides. Elemental selenium can be oxidized to form selenium dioxide. While the products of oxidation might be expected at the soil surface, elemental selenium would be the expected predominant form in deep soils where anaerobic conditions exist. Selenium sulfides, used in some antidandruff shampoos, are not very water soluble and, therefore, like elemental selenium are relatively immobile in the environment. 

Statistically significant increases in hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in rats and hepatic carcinomas and adenomas, as well as alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and adenomas, in female mice have been observed following chronic oral exposure to selenium sulfide (NTP 1980c). The incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats was 1/50, 0/50, and 15/49 in males and 0/50, 0/50, and 21/50 in females at 0, 3, and 15 mg selenium sulfide/kg/day, respectively. In mice, the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas were 15/50, 14/50, and 23/50 in males, and 0/49, 2/50, and 25/49 in females at 0, 20, and 100 mg selenium sulfide/kg/day, respectively. Selenium sulfide is a pharmaceutical compound used in some antidandruff shampoos and is not administered orally. Because selenium sulfide is not absorbed through the skin, use of shampoos containing this compound should be safe, unless one intentionally consumes the product or has open cuts or sores on the scalp or hands. Chemically, selenium sulfide and ethyl selenac are very different from the organic and inorganic selenium compounds found in foods and in the environment. 

Concern for the dermal route of exposure to selenium compounds as a cause of adverse health effects in humans is extremely low except for the acid forms, which owe their dermal effects to their acidity more than to their selenium content. Selenium sulfide, an ingredient in some antidandruff shampoos, does not appear to be absorbed through the skin. Ingestion of large amounts of the compound, however, would be of concern because selenium sulfide has been shown to be carcinogenic in rats and mice following oral exposure. 

Other than selenium sulfide, an ingredient in some antidandruff shampoos, selenium compounds have not been tested for sensitization. The potential for dermal contact by humans does exist, however, in occupational settings and to a lesser extent in soil at waste sites. 

Cummins LM, Kimura ET. 1971. Safety evaluation of selenium sulfide antidandruff shampoos. 

In the U.S. hair care products containing an antidandruff ingredient are considered as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. However, different regulations are applied in other regions. An antidandruff shampoo is treated as a quasi-drug in Japan, a therapeutic product in Australia, and may be a cosmetic or an OTC product in Europe, depending upon the claims. 

A great deal of work in formulating antidandruff shampoos has been performed in the past decade (Table 10.13), resulting in claims of improved... 

U.S. 4867971 (1989) Ryan et al. (Colgate-Palmolive) 0.1-2% 1 -imidazolyl-1 -(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one (climbazole) pH 4-5.5 A stable homogeneous liquid antidandruff shampoo increased deposition of climbazole enhanced antidandruff efficacy... 

Zinc is present in a number of pharmaceuticals, the most important of which is life-sustaining insulin. Many topical preparations contain zinc as the oxide, sulfate, or stearate as an astringent or antipruritic. Some foot powders contain the antifungicidal zinc undecenoate, and zinc pyrithione is used in antidandruff shampoos. After dissolving them in acid, the topical products can be easily analyzed by either atomic emission or atomic absorption spectroscopy (49), since they contain a relatively high concentration of zinc. However, atomic absorption is approximately four orders of magnitude more sensitive than atomic emission for the determination of zinc (Table 2) and offers superior precision for the analysis of injectable insulin (50), where zinc concentrations can be as low as 4 ppm (39). 

Another interesting characteristic of antidandruff shampoos is then-effect on sebum. For example, selenium disulfide in a shampoo increases sebum production [169,170] and alters the ratio of triglycerides to free fatty acids found in sebum. Presumably, this latter effect involves reducing the microflora responsible for lipolytic enzymes on the scalp that hydrolyze triglycerides to free fatty acids. Zinc pyrithione appears to behave similarly and has been shown to increase hair greasiness [171], presumably in an analogous manner. However, ketoconazole behaves in the opposite manner. Pierard-Franchimont et al. [172] confirmed the increase in sebum excretion rate for selenium sulfide and further demonstrated that ketoconazole decreases sebum excretion. 

Cosmetics that are intended to treat or prevent disease or alter a body function are considered drug products. Examples include toothpastes with fluoride (prevent cavities), srmtanning lotions/creams (prevent exposme to UV light), antiperspirants that are also deodorants (prevent perspiration), and antidandruff shampoos (prevent or treat dandruff). The key in determining whether a product is a cosmetic or a drug-cosmetic product is the product s claim Does the label claim that the product will treat or prevent disease ... 

Products and Uses A chemical in adhesives, cosmetics, hair coloring, antidandruff shampoos, lipstick, and hair care products. Used as an antiseptic, antipruritic (anti-itching agent), preservative,... 

Zinc pyrithone (Zinc Omadine, Zincon, Vancide ZP) is fungicidal, bactericidal and used in antidandruff shampoos. In spite of its widespread use only few cases of contact allergy have been reported (Muston et al. 1979). 

Definition Condensation prod, of caprylic acid chloride with hydrolyzed collagen Uses Antistat in cosmetics mild surfactant, foaming agent, wetting agent for hair and skin care prods., soaps, shaving creams, antidandruff shampoos Trade Name Synonyms Lipacide CCO t[Rhodia http //www.rhodia.com, R.T. 

Uses Antistat, surfactant in cosmetics foaming lipoprotein, cleanser, fungistat for antidandruff shampoos... 

PEG-80 sorbitan laurate cleanser, antidandruff shampoo Sodium/TEA-undecenoyl collagen amino acids cleanser, antiseptic lotion cleansers Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate cleanser, baby prods. 

PPG-2 lanolin alcohol ether PPG-10 lanolin alcohol ether PPG-20 lanolin alcohol ether conditioner/antistat, clear hair rinses Olealkonium chloride conditioner/antistat, hair care Distearyidimonium chloride conditioner dusts, soil Diatomaceous earth conditioning oil, cosmetics Oleic/linoleic triglyceride conditioning, hair creams/lotions/rinses Tallowtrimonium methosulfate conditioning/antidandruff shampoo Dihydrogenated tallow phthalic acid amide conductive polymer, antistatic coatings Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonic acid) Poly (styrenesulfonic acid)... 

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