Toothpastes

Antihistamines are found in combination with other ingredients (e.g., decongestants, analgesics) in many over-the-counter cold, sinus, and allergy medications. In addition, liquid products often contain large amounts of alcohol as well. 

Abrasive Calcium carbonate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, titanium dioxide, sodium metaphosphate, silicia, aluminia 30-50% 

The addition of stannous or sodium fluoride is effective in the prevention of dental cavities, because the fluoride ion actually becomes part of the tooth enamel, making the enamel stronger and more resistant to the attack of acids. 

Sweating helps your body regulate its internal temperature. Sweat contains amines, low molecular weight fatty acids, and proteins, in addition to sodium chloride and other inorganic compounds. Some of these organic compounds have a disagreeable odor. Bacterial action can certainly make the odor worse. Deodorants and antiperspirants can be used to control the socially unacceptable odor. (Quite a professional way to discuss stinky B.O., eh ) 

Deodorants contain fragrances to cover up the odor and an antibacterial agent to destroy the odor-causing bacteria. They may also contain substances such as zinc peroxide that oxidize the amines and fatty acids to less odorous compounds. 

Antiperspirants inhibit or stop perspiration. They act as an astringent, constricting the sweat gland ducts. The most commonly used antiperspirants are compounds of aluminum — aluminum chlorohydrates (M2(OH)sC, Al2(OH)4Cl2, and so on), hydrated aluminum chloride (AICI36H2O), and others. 

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Tm II)fiuoride, Snp2, stannous fluoride. M.p. 213°C. Formed from Sn and aqueous HF. Forms complexes, e.g. MSnFj. Used in toothpastes. 

Representative Method Ion-selective electrodes find application in numerous quantitative analyses, each of which has its own unique considerations. The following procedure for the analysis of fluoride in toothpaste provides an instructive example. 

M NaOH until the pH is between 5 and 5.5. Transfer the contents of the beaker to a 1-L volumetric flask, and dilute to volume. Standards are prepared by placing approximately 1 g of a fluoride-free toothpaste, 30 mL of distilled water, and... 

Why is a fluoride-free toothpaste added to the standard solutions ... 

Fluoride-free toothpaste is added as a precaution against any matrix effects that might influence the ion-selective electrode s response. This assumes, of course, that the matrices of the two toothpastes are otherwise similar. 

The slope of the calibration curve is found to be -57.98 mV per tenfold change in the concentration of F , compared with the expected slope of-59.16 mV per tenfold change in concentration. What effect does this have on the quantitative analysis for %w/w Snp2 in the toothpaste samples ... 

The following data were collected for the analysis of fluoride in tap water and in toothpaste, (a) For the analysis of tap water, three 25.0-mL samples were each mixed with 25.0 mL of TISAB, and the potential was measured with an F ISE relative to a saturated calomel electrode. Five 1.00-mL additions of a standard solution of 100.0-ppm F were added to each, measuring the potential following each addition. 

Tripoli. TripoH [1317-95-9] is a fine grained, porous, decomposed siHceous rock produced mainly in Arkansas, Illinois, and Oklahoma. It is widely used for polishing and buffing metals, lacquer finishing, and plated products. Since tripoH particles are rounded, not sharp, it has a mild abrasive action particularly suited for polishing. TripoH is also used in toothpastes, in jewelry polishing, and as filler in paints, plastics, and mbber. Rottenstone and amorphous siHca are similar to tripoH and find the same uses. In 1987 the abrasive use of tripoH in the United States totaled 26.6 million tons and was valued at about 3.1 million however, the portion used as a filler totaled 71.1 million tons and had a value of almost 10 million (4). 

Applications for synthetic character impact items include cough drops, toothpaste, chewing gum, candies, soft drinks, baked goods, gelatin deserts, ice cream, margarine, and cheese. 

Glycerol is used in nearly every industry. The largest single use is in dmgs and oral care products including toothpaste, mouthwash, and oral rinses (Table 3). Its use in tobacco processing and urethane foams remains at a fairly even consumption level. Use in foods and cosmetics is growing. 

Wintergreen Oil. Water distillation of the leaves of Gaultheriaprocumbens L. yields an oil which consists of essentially one chemical constituent, methyl saUcylate. Because of this, the oil has been almost totally replaced by the synthetic chemical. Natural oil of wintergreen [68917-75-9] is a pale yellow to pinkish colored mobile Hquid of intensely sweet-aromatic odor and flavor. The oil or its synthetic replacement find extensive use in pharmaceutical preparations, candy, toothpaste, industrial products, and in rootbeer flavor. In perfumery, it is used in fougnre or forest-type fragrances. 

Crystalline CaHPO 2H20 loses both water molecules in a single step at moderately elevated temperature or upon storage to yield the anhydrous salt. The presence of free moisture accelerates this dehydration, which results in anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, often as a hard mass. Addition of a few percent of tetrasodium pyrophosphate or trimagnesium phosphate, Mg2(P0 2> stabilizes the dihydrate. The mechanism, however, is not well understood. Nonetheless, these materials are used widely to stabilize CaHPO 2H20, particulady for toothpaste appHcations. 

The calcium pyrophosphates are utilized primarily as dental abrasives in fluoride-containing toothpastes. Typically, a mixture of P- and y-Ca2P202 achieves a balance of abrasivity and fluoride compatibiUty. 

Several crystalline condensed phosphates may also be formed by the dehydration of monosodium phosphate (MSP). Maddrell s salt exists as Form 11 (high temperature MaddreU, NaPO -ll, insoluble metaphosphate-11) and Form 111 (low temperature MaddreU, NaPO -lll, insoluble metaphosphate-111). Both forms are highly polymerized and difficult (slow) to dissolve in water. Mixtures of the two forms are marketed as a dental abrasive for toothpaste formulations containing soluble fluoride. Maddrell s salt is also used with disodium phosphate as a cheese emulsifying aid. 

White Hydroxide. Tlie soda sinter process appHed to bauxite or bauxite residue produces a hydroxide that is completely free from organic coloring matter and is very wliite. A value of more than 95% is obtained on the GE brightness scale relative to Ti02 as followed in the paper (qv) industry. Tliis compares to about 70% on the same scale for the nomial Bayer product. Tlie wliite hydroxide is preferred in the paper, toothpaste, and artificial marble industries. 

The more complex Lamepon and Igepon type of amides, including the sarcoskie (AJ-methylglyckie) [107-97-1] and /V-methyl taurkie (A/-methylamkio-ethanesulfonate) types shown ki Table 4, are used primarily as specialty surfactants ki shampoo and toothpaste formulations. These rather complex stmctures have limited use ki very specialized appHcations. 

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