Dental calculus

The addition of therapeutic or cosmetic agents to dentifrices has paralleled advances in knowledge about factors affecting the human dentition. Agents added to dentifrices can act directly on the host tooth stmcture or on specific oral accumulations, for example, the principal action of fluoride is on the tooth enamel. The primary action of an abrasive, however, is on an accumulated stained pellicle. Oral accumulations of interest to preventive dentistry are dental pellicles, dental plaque, dental calculus (tartar), microbial populations responsible for oral malodor, and oral debris (food residues, leukocytes, etc). Plaque is most important because of its potential to do harm. 

Several agents deUvered via toothpaste inhibit the accumulation of dental calculus. Pyrophosphate salts, with or without a methoxyethylene—maleic acid copolymer, and zinc salts have given positive results in clinical trials (5). Pyrophosphates were added as potassium or sodium pyrophosphate or mixtures at a level of about 2—6%. The zinc salt was zinc citrate [546-46-3] (0.5—2.0%) or zinc chloride [7646-85-7] (2.0%). The products all contained fluoride in addition to the calculus inhibitor. The anticaries activity of the fluoride was not compromised (6). 

Synchrotron applications in archaeology date back to 1986 (Harbottle et al. 1986), and have been subsequently documented on a dedicated website at Daresbury [http //www.srs.ac.uk/srs/]. The majority of the early applications use SR as a source for X-ray fluorescence microanalysis on a variety of materials, including glass (Schofield et al. 1995, Janssens et al. 1996), ink and paper (Mommsen et al. 1996), dental calculus (Capasso et al. 1995), and bone (Janssens et al. 1998b). The repertoire has been expanded to include X-ray... 

Body fluids have a very high supersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite, which cannot be explained by the small particle size of bone mineral. In fact, they behave as agueous solutions which are in metastable eguilibrium with DOHA. However, the minerals in bone, dentin, dental enamel and dental calculus contain considerable amounts of Na, Mg and CO3, in addition to calcium and phosphate which are the major components. Therefore, the phases mentioned above which all show a solubility comparable to that of DOHA, all come into consideration as components of these minerals. 

Phases occurring in the mineral of calcified tissues and dental calculus ( 5 3, 57)... 

The present studies on calcium phosphate in bacteria are mostly of dental interest. Through the mineralization of the dental plaque dental calculus forms the soft, adherent and predominant coating which forms on the surface of teeth567. X-ray diffraction studies have shown the dental calculus to be composed of four principal minerals hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, brushite and whitelockite568. The mechanism by which mineralization of oral calculi is initiated is not fully understood567. Two types of mineralization centres can be distinguished which... 

Osvoji, C. I., Rowless, S. L. Studies on the organic composition of dental calculus and related calculi. Calc. Tiss. Res. 16, 193 (1974)... 

Lustmann, J., Lewin-Epstein, J., Shteyer, A. Scanning electron microscopy of dental calculus. Calc. Tiss. Res. 21, 47 (1976)... 

Polyaminopolyphosphonic acids have attracted intermittent interest since the early applications of chelating agents in medicine. First synthesized 30 years ago, ethyl-enediaminetetraphosphonic acid (EDTMP) has only recently been examined for ability to inhibit dental calculus and caries in dogs and rats. 

Amino acid racemization (AAR), 323 Amino acids alanine, 11 aspartic acid, 11 dental calculus, 11 enantiomeric forms, 11 ESR spectroscopy, 366-367 fossils, 10-11 D,L-isoleucine, 11 isomeric forms, 11 laboratory-produced, 11... 

Fisher, D.J. and McConnell, D., 1969. Aluminum-rich apatite. Science, 164 551—553. Fitzgerald, R.J. and McDaniel, E.G., 1960. Dental calculus in the germ-free rat. Arch. Oral Biol., 2 239—240. 

The situation concerning a possible link between salivary calcium and inorganic phosphate, and calculus formation is similar to that described above for caries. In his 1969 review, Schroeder [1] cited a number of studies in which salivary calcium and phosphate had been compared for groups with and without dental calculus. The majority showed a tendency for saliva taken from calculus-formers to contain higher amounts of the above species, as anticipated, irrespective of whether analyses were of stimulated or of unstimulated saliva. However, differences rarely achieved statistical significance, as was the case with corresponding caries comparisons. 

Schroeder HE Formation and Inhibition of Dental Calculus. Berne, Hans Huber, 1969. 

Huang S, Nakagaki H, Okumura H, Hayashizaki J, Negoro M, Adachi K, Tsuge S, Ando S, Robinson C, Pearce E, Huang A, Thi Than Ha N Fluoride profiles in dental calculus from Japanese, Chinese and British residents. Arch Oral Biol 1997 42 665-671. 

Manji F, Fejerskov O, Baelum Y Nagelkerke N Dental calculus and caries experience in 15-65 year olds with no access to dental care in ten Cate JM (ed) Recent Advances in the Study of Dental Calculus. Oxford, IRL Press, 1989, pp 223-233. 

Nancollas GH, Johnsson MAS Calculus formation and inhibition. Adv Dent Res 1994 8 307-311. White DJ Dental calculus recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Eur J Oral Sci 1997 105 508-522. Pattanapom K, Navia JM The relationship of dental calculus to caries, gingivitis, and selected salivary factors in 11- to 13-year-old children in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Periodontal 1998 69 955-961. 

Driessens FC, Borggreven JM, Verbeeck RM, van Dijk JW, Feagin FF On the physico-chemistry of plaque calcification and phase composition of dental calculus. J Periodontal Res 1985 20 329-336. 

Sidaway DA A microbiological study of dental calculus - III. A comparison of the in vitro calcification of viable and non-viable micro-organisms. J Periodont Res 1979 14 167-172. 

Hausmann E, Bisaz S, Russell RGG, Fleisch H The concentration of inorganic pyrophosphate in human saliva and dental calculus. Arch Oral Biol 1970 15 1389-1392. 

Slomiany A, Slomiany BL, Mandel ID Lipid composition of human parotid saliva from light and heavy dental calculus-formers. Arch Oral Biol 1981 26 151-152. 

Lindskog S, Friskopp J Immunoglobulins in human dental calculus demonstrated with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Scand J Dent Res 1983 91 360-364. 

In addition to the abrasive components of a dentifrice, other dentifrice ingredients could influence the pellicle and its formation. For example, pyrophosphate, which has been introduced in dentifrices to inhibit the formation of dental calculus, has been found to desorb pellicle proteins from enamel [178], In addition, the commonly used dentifrice surfactant sodium lauryl sulphate has been shown to reduce the formation and coverage of the pellicle on enamel specimens [179],... 

The alkaline environment also precipitates calcium and phosphate ions from the GCF, causing dental calculus. Dental calculus interferes with self-administered oral hygiene (Sect. 13.1.2) and asaccharolytic metabolism intensifies. When sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) are metabohzed, they release hydrogen sulfide along with the ammonia and short chain fatty acids. Hydrogen sulfide is a major contributor of oral malodor that often accompanies moderate to severe periodontal disease. 

Hardy, K., T. Blakeney, L. Copeland, J. Kirkham, R. Wrangham, and M. Colhns. 2009. Starch granules, dental calculus and new perspectives on ancient diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 36 248-255. 

Ferreira MMC, Brandes ML, Ferreira IMC, Booksh KS, Dolowy WC, Gouterman M, Kowalski BR, Chemometric study of the fluorescence of dental calculus by trilinear decomposition, Applied Spectroscopy, 1995,49, 1317-1325. 

Octacalcium phosphate CasH2(P04)6-5H20 Dental calculus " and possibly a transient phase in precipitation of biological HAPs ... 

Magnesian whitlockite Approximately CaisMg2H2(P04)i4 Dental calculus, urinary and salivary calculi, carious lesions in teeth and other pathological calcifications... 

Schroeder HE (1969) Formation and Inhibition of Dental Calculus. Hans Huber, Berne Shellis RP, Duckworth RM (1994) Studies on the cariostatic mechanisms of fluoride. Inti Dent J. 44 (Suppl 1), p 263-73... 

Damen and Ten Cate [98] studied calcium phosphate precipitation with and without the presence of silicic acid and showed that polysilicic acid, not monomer, acted as a substrate for hydroxyapatite nucleation, caused a 60% reduction in the induction period in seeded reactions and overcame part of the inhibitory effect of phosprotein. In all cases hydroxyapatite grew in the presence of silica even when the system was seeded with a different polymorph of calcium phosphate. It was concluded that silica promotes dental calculus formation. 

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