In children and adolescents

M. Zuberbier T, Niggemann B Food allergy and non-allergic food hypersensitivity in children and adolescents. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 1534-1541. 31... 

Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 1992 327 380-384. De Bilderling G, Mathot M, Agustsson S, Tuerlinckx D. Jamart J. Bodart E Early skin sensitization to aeroallergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2008 38 643-648. 

Reductions in aggressive behavior after treatment with amphetamine and other psyehomotor stimulants are seen in children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with hyperkinesis or attention deficit disorder. There is considerable disagreement about these diagnostic categories and about whether the violent outbursts and uncontrolled episodes of aggressive behavior are limited to the early developmental period or continue into adulthood (Mendelson et al. 1971 Minde et al. 1972). 

The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004 114(2 Suppl 4th Report)=555-576. 

Exercise is one of the most common precipitants of asthma symptoms, and exercise-induced asthma is commonly seen in children and adolescents. Exercise may be a precipitant in up to 90% of the population with asthma and maybe the first precipitant noticed in an asthma patient.18 Shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest tightness usually occur during or shortly after vigorous exercise and resolve within 30 to 60 minutes. 

Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, et al. Practice parameter Pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents. Report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004 63 2215-2224. 

Cyclothymic disorder is a chronic mood disturbance generally lasting at least 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents) and characterized by mood swings including periods of hypomania... 

In children and adolescents, treatment practices are similar to the approach in adults with a focus on nonpharmacologic... 

The use of hydroxyurea in children and adolescents with SCD has been investigated, and similar results were... 

Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium. Sickle cell disease in children and adolescents Diagnosis, guidelines for comprehensive care, and care paths and protocols for management of acute and chronic complications, November 2001 available at www.scinfo.org/Protocol-2002.PDF accessed June 9,2006. 

The long-term (more than several weeks) use of levofloxacin in children and adolescents has not be approved because of concerns about effects on bone and cartilage growth. However, most experts agree that the drug should be considered for children with tuberculosis caused by organisms resistant to both INH and RIF. The optimal dose is not known. 

The long-term (more than several weeks) use of moxifloxacin in children and adolescents has not been approved because of concerns about effects... 

Fever is the most frequently reported adverse effect in children and adolescents. Fever associated with vaccination is defined as a temperature of greater than or equal to 38°C (100.4°F)... 

The agent of choice depends on location. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is used for infections acquired in the United States. For infections acquired outside the United States, the agents of choice are ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and azithromycin. Fluoroquinolones are generally contraindicated in children and adolescents. 

Data supporting efficacy of antidepressants in children and adolescents are sparse. Fluoxetine is the only antidepressant that is FDA approved for treatment of depression in patients less than 18 years of age. 

Several cases of sudden death have been reported in children and adolescents taking desipramine. A baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) is recommended before initiating a TCA in children and adolescents, and an additional ECG is advised when steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved. TCA plasma concentration monitoring is critical to ensure safety. 

Ross, C. A. (1996). Epidemiology of dissociation in children and adolescents Extrapolations and speculations. Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 273-284-... 

The dopamine transporter has been a target for developing pharmacotherapies for a number of CNS disorders including ADHD, stimulant abuse, depression and Parkinson s disease. Several excellent reviews in this area have been recently published [28-30]. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate has been successfully used for decades in the management of ADHD in children and adolescents. It remains a first-line treatment along with amphetamine for this disorder [31,32]. 

Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Qasen LS, et al (2002) Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 288(14) 1740-1748... 

Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J (1997) ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents, J Am Acad ChUd Adolesc Psychiatry 36(1) 37 4... 

Eissenberg T, Balster RL (2000) Initial tobacco use episodes in children and adolescents current knowledge, future directions. Drug Alcohol Depend 59(Suppl 1) S41-S60 Pant RV, Schuh KJ, Stitzer ML (1995) Response to smoking as a function of prior smoking amounts. Psychopharmacology 119 385-390... 

Weller EB, Calvert SM, Weller RA. Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2003 16(4) 383-388. 

Roerig JL, Mitchell JE, Myers TC, et al. Pharmacotherapy and medical complications of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 2002 11(2) 365-385. 

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