Focus Toothpaste

The quality of toothpaste seems to improve every day. We have anticavity toothpaste, extra-whitening toothpaste, toothpaste with mouthwash, toothpaste for sensitive teeth, toothpaste with stripes, clear toothpaste, and even liver-flavored toothpaste for dogs. 

Modern toothpaste has to do many things. It must have abrasives to scour off bacterial films. It must have fluorides to harden the teeth against decay. It must have a strong enough pleasant 

Toothpaste must have thickeners to help it squeeze out of the tube and stay on the toothbrush. It must have detergents to remove fatty films, water softeners to make the detergents work better, and sweeteners (preferably non-nutritive so as not encourage bacteria). 

The most recognized toothpaste ingredient is probably the class of compounds known as fluorides. Stannous fluoride was the first to be used in toothpaste because, unlike sodium fluoride, it did not lose its effectiveness when combined with the abrasive most common at the time, calcium phosphate. Later, sodium mono-fluorophosphate came into popular use because it too could be used with the common abrasives. 

When hydrated silica became the abrasive of choice, sodium fluoride could be used, and it has become the most widely used fluoride in contemporary toothpaste. 

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Though dental afflictions constitute a very significant disease entity, these have received relatively little attention from medicinal chemists. (The fluoride toothpastes may form an important exception.) This therapeutic target Is, however, sufficiently Important to be the focus of at least some research. A highly functionalized piperazine derivative that has come out of such work shows prophylactic activity against dental caries. Condensation of the enol ether 1 of thiourea with ji-pentylisocyanate gives the addition product 1J. Reaction of this with diamine 78, derived from piperazine, leads to substitution of the methylthio moiety by the primary amine, in all likelihood by an addition-elimination sequence. There is thus obtained ipexidine (79). ... 

TD-NMR sampling is decidedly more difficult than HR-NMR because on-line applications of low-resolution NMR have tended to focus on solid materials such as tablets, polymers, toothpaste, cellulose, foodstuffs. 

Postprocessing forms an additional important step in the manufacture of many consumer-oriented products, in contrast to commodity chemicals. Examples include tablets, pills, toothpaste, creams, and a wide variety of common products. The chemical industry has traditionally focused on commodity chemicals (process engineering), but, recently, the emphasis has shifted to product engineering. The postprocessing of... 

As mentioned in Section 2.2.1, the recovery of clean aluminium from real plastic-containing wastes has been one of the main focuses of the research into microwave pyrolysis. With the semi-batch apparatus shown in Figure 21.3, experiments were performed using toothpaste tube laminate and depulped drink carton laminate (a Tetra Pak ... 

Recent newspaper articles focused on lead paint used on Thomas the Tank Engine toys, industrial chemicals in toothpaste, industrial and not pharmaceutical ingredients in children s medicine, chemicals in children s toys that can convert to harmful chemicals when ingested, and contamination of dog food products all indicate that certifying supplier quality in a supply chain is an important component of the purchasing function. However, in the absence of easy-to-perform quality assurance testing, supplier certification and contract incentives play an important role in guaranteeing product quality. 

In 1948, a preparation of DFP was described by Saxmders and Stacey of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Saunders and Stacey, 1948), and a US patent was filed (McCombie et al., 1949). In 1949, another patent was filed for production of mono and dialkyl fluorophosphates. These were produced by treating alkyl polyphosphates with HF and were called dialkoxy phosphoryl monofluoride (Lange, 1949). The monoesters were purported to have low toxicity in mammals but showed fungicidal properties. For that time period in the open literature, preparation of DFP by other complicated methods has been reported, as well as studies of its effects on the nervous systems and as a potential treatment of human diseases. Further efforts regarding the application of fluorophosphoric acid and its salts were focused on the prevention of dental disease (i.e., as an additive in toothpaste). 

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