Fluoridated toothpaste

The incidence of dental caries has decreased dramatically in recent years. It has fallen to such an extent as to reduce the need for professional dental health services related to caries significantly. The cause is not clear, but water fluoridation, addition of fluoride to toothpaste, and other modes of fluoride adrninistration are generally conceded to be important contributors to the phenomenon and the American Dental Association recommends use of a fluoride toothpaste for all patients (10). 

Though dental afflictions constitute a very significant disease entity, these have received relatively little attention from medicinal chemists. (The fluoride toothpastes may form an important exception.) This therapeutic target Is, however, sufficiently Important to be the focus of at least some research. A highly functionalized piperazine derivative that has come out of such work shows prophylactic activity against dental caries. Condensation of the enol ether 1 of thiourea with ji-pentylisocyanate gives the addition product 1J. Reaction of this with diamine 78, derived from piperazine, leads to substitution of the methylthio moiety by the primary amine, in all likelihood by an addition-elimination sequence. There is thus obtained ipexidine (79). ... 

The addition of fluoride ions to domestic water supplies (in the form of NaF) is now widespread and has resulted in a dramatic decrease in dental cavities. Fluoridated toothpastes, containing either tin(II) fluoride or sodium monofluorophos-phate (MFP, Na2FP03), are also recommended to strengthen tooth enamel. 

C04-0008.Tooth enamel consists, in part, of CajfPOq)] (OH). Tin(II) fluoride (toothpaste labels call it... 

Despite many advantages fluoridation may also have some drawbacks. One of the most important is increased formation of dental calculi. As fluoridation considerably reduces the solubility of apatites, the supersaturation of saliva with respect to apatite is appreciably increased and may favour the spontaneous precipitation of fluoridated apatites and the formation of dental calculi. This phenomenon would occur especially in the case of fluoridated toothpaste, and most of them... 

Several experiments have shown the bactericidal effect of fluoride ions at high concentrations [180,181]. This effect generally occurs at concentrations well above those generally observed in saliva however, the use of fluoridated toothpaste or dental topical applications of fluoride may temporarily elevate the fluoride concentration in the oral cavity to bactericidal levels. It has been demonstrated that fluoride affects the metabolism of oral bacteria and reduces its acid tolerance. It is most effective at acidic pH values and, for example, fluoride levels as low as 0.1 mM can cause the complete arrest of glycolysis by Steptococcus mutans. It has been suggested that modifying the biological fluids related to the presence... 

In most cases, fluoridated toothpastes are acceptable substances for use, but even for these products, there is some risk of fluorosis. For example, children who began using them before the age of 2 were shown to be at higher risk of developing fluorosis than children who do not use it at all [94,95]. However, the relative importance of the various factors that govern exposure to fluoride from this source (age of starting to use fluoridated toothpastes, amount used and frequency) is not known. 

Dentifrices, more commonly called toothpastes, are a widely used source of fluoride for the majority of the population in the developed world. First introduced in the 1970s, fluoride-containing toothpastes accounted for over 90% of the market in the industrialised nations by the 1990s [151], Because not all countries fluoridate their drinking water, fluoridated toothpastes are, for many people in the world, the most important source of this element for oral health. 

When fluoridated toothpastes are used, one of the effects is that fluoride levels increase, and such an effect is detectable after a single use [156]. This fluoride is taken up both by the dental plaque [157,158] and by the demineralised enamel [159] as a result of increases in fluoride levels in saliva between 100 and 1000 times the initial level. Although this initial elevation in concentration lasts for only 1-2 h [160], regular use of fluoridated toothpaste can raise the general level of fluoride in the saliva. This shift in baseline fluoride level can be maintained over considerable periods of time [157,158]. 

Second, these materials are unable to undergo fluoride recharge [283], Their predominantly hydrophobic composition means that there is no basis for interaction with, or uptake of, the strongly hydrophilic F ion in situ. Hence, exposure to fluoridated drinking water or fluoridated toothpastes has no effect, and these materials are unable to function as fluoride reservoirs [284],... 

A. Richards, D.W. Banting, Fluoride toothpastes Current status and future prospects, in O. Fejerskov, J. Ekstrand, B.A. Burt (Eds.), Fluoride in Dentistry, 2nd edition, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1996. 

A. Young, P.S. Thrane, E. Saxegaard, G. Jonski, G. Roiia, Effect of stannous fluoride toothpaste on erosion-iike iesions An in vivo study, Eur. J. Orai Sci. 114 (2006) 180-183. 

The total fluoride intake by age groups in children from diet, fluoride supplements and fluoridated toothpastes presented in Table 8 were estimated using the data from Tables 5-7. The lower and higher limits of fluoride intake listed in these were used to provide these estimates. 

The wide variations in fluoride intake reported in the literature make its accurate estimation difficult. Our estimates show that the total intake of fluoride in infants and children from diet, fluoride supplements and use of fluoridated toothpaste is 0.008-0.111 (average 0.066) mg/day/kg body weight in non-fluoridated areas and 0.016-0.147 (average 0.063) mg/day/kg body weight in fluoridated areas. High intake of fluoride in non-fluoridated areas is ascribed to the use of fluoride supplements and in fluoridated areas to fluoride added into water. Both intakes exceed the lower threshold and are close to the upper threshold of 0.07 mg/day/kg body weight for the appearance of dental fluorosis. 

G.M. Davies, H.V. Worthington, R.P. Ellwood, E.M. Bentley, A.S. Blinkhom, G.O. Taylor, R.M. Davies, A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of providing free fluoride toothpaste from the age of 12 months on reducing caries in 54-year old children. Community Dent. Health 19 (2002) 131-136. 

Metals Metals are used as collapsible tubes and in aerosol containers. The most common metals in use are tin, aluminum, and lead. Tin is the most expensive, while lead is the cheapest. Laminates of tin-coated lead provide the appearance and oxidation resistance of straight tin at lower prices [89]. Tin is the most chemically inert of all collapsible tube metals. It offers a good appearance and compatibility with a wide range of products. Aluminum tubes provide the attractiveness of tin at relatively lower cost. Lead has the lowest cost of all tube metals and is widely used for nonfood products such as adhesives. However, with internal linings, lead tubes are used for such products as fluoride toothpaste. If the product is not compatible with bare metal, the interior can be flushed with wax-type formulations or with resin solutions. 

It does not interfere with the effectiveness of the product. For example, fluoride toothpastes have to be formulated carefully, as the various fluorides react with certain excipients, rendering the product ineffective. 

Soft drinks have long been blamed for causing damage to teeth, especially among children. In this section the validity of this is discussed in the context of the widespread use of fluoridated toothpaste, mechanisms of damage are reviewed and ways of minimising damage are considered. 

The introduction of fluoridated toothpaste during the 1970s caused a much greater than expected improvement in the dental health of the nation, which far outweighs dietary initiated tooth decay in those that use it. There are now very few brands of toothpaste on sale in the UK that do not contain fluoride. 

Alternatively, prepare a list of advertising slogans based on chemical concepts, such as Use Fluoride Toothpaste for Strong Teeth or Alpha Hydroxy Skin Cream Removes Wrinkles. Draw advertisements using color to evoke emotion, as discussed above, but also explain the chemical concepts involved in the slogans. Apply the principles of good composition to your advertisements. 

The fluorine in fluoride toothpaste is in the form of a fluorine compound. One such compound is sodium monofluoride phosphate. The fluorine in the sodium monofluoride phosphate bonds with calcium in tooth enamel and forms a calcium fluoride layer that acts as a bacterial barrier. 

Find advertising pictures that relate to chemistry, for example, fluoride toothpaste ads, pH balanced shampoo ads, vitamin supplement ads. In the advertising pictures, discuss the use of warm and cool colors to convey a message to a buyer. 

Since children ingest most of the fluoride toothpaste when they brush their teeth, only a pea-sized amount should be placed on the brush. 

Tooth enamel is strengthened by the addition of fluorides (fl uoridation) to drinking water, and by the use of fluoridated toothpaste containing tin(II) fluoride, SnF2, or sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), Na2FP03. 

Many remineralisation models mimic the situation found on smooth enamel surfaces in the mouth, i.e. appropriate salivary calcium, phosphate and fluoride concentrations and a clean enamel surface with no plaque analogue. Remineralisation of enamel lesions typically occurs during exposure to experimental solutions at neutral pH, whereas demineralisation occurs during exposure to acidic buffers. However, when good oral hygiene is maintained and with the use of fluoride toothpastes, caries is prevalent not on the smooth surfaces of the teeth but on those sites which are difficult to clean and where plaque tends to accumulate i.e. occlusal fissures and approximal surfaces [36], Here, caries is initiated and progresses not on a clean, smooth surface exposed to saliva, but... 

There has been some interest in recent years in the phenomenon described as hidden caries , and studies have been conducted to model processes occurring at the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ). ten Cate et al. [11] studied the effect of slightly elevated levels of fluoride, such as the typical salivary background concentration resulting from water fluoridation or use of fluoridated toothpastes, on the de- and remineralisation of enamel and dentine lesions. They concluded that slightly elevated fluoride levels may be considerably less effective in inhibiting lesion progression in dentine than in enamel, i.e. that differences in intrinsic solubility are important. 

Sidi AD, Wilson RF Fluoride, calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in approximal plaque collected from young adults 1 and 24 h after toothbrushing with fluoride toothpastes. Caries Res 1991 25 330-334. 

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