TON value

In 1993, the world capacity for sodium peroxoborate hexahydrate (tetrahydrate) was about 900,000 metric tons, of which about one-third was converted to the dehydrated compound (monohydrate). At the then prevailing prices, the total value of this business was about 6 x 10 . The world capacity for sodium carbonate peroxohydrate (percarbonate) was about 60,000 metric tons, valued at about 70 x 10 . ... 

Because the peroxodisulfate salts are all made electrochemicaHy, the electrical energy cost is a significant part of thek manufacturing cost. The 1994 world capacity for peroxodisulfate salts was about 75,000 metric tons, valued at about 30 x 10 . The principal appHcations are in polymerization catalysis and the market broadly tracks the plastics business. The Caro s acid business is difficult to quantify because the product itself is not commercial but made on-site from purchased hydrogen peroxide. 

Year and kind Production, t Metric tons Value, 10 Average unit /kg... 

Disperse reds are second only to blues as the most important disperse color manufactured. AU. commercial disperse reds are monoazo dyes. In 1988, Disperse Red 73 (98, R = CN) had production of 270 tons valued at nearly 1.6 million. Disperse Violet 24 (99) is produced from diazotized 2-hromo-4,6-dinitroani1ine by coupling with 2-(A/-butyl-y -toluidine)ethanol. 

Blues are the single most important color in the disperse class, both in terms of amounts produced and doUar sales volume. Among all dyes. Disperse Blue 79 (100) (6-bromo-2,4-dinitroaniline [1817-73-8] coupled to 3-bis-(2-acetoxyethyl)-amino-/)-acetophenetidine [20249-05-2]) was the highest volume dye in the late 1980s and continues. As reported in 1985, the United States produced 2872 tons valued at 7.7 million. 

The [YCo] systems catalyze this reaction only above 130°C, and hence, the reaction must be carried out in dilute benzene or toluene solutions to keep the TON values below —500. Only very active catalysts can be used for the reaction of Eq.(13) when carried out in pure acrylonitrile. Every cobalt catalyst sufficiently active below 125°C was tested in a batch reactor. A solution of the catalyst in pure acrylonitrile was saturated with acetylene at —2.0 MPa and then heated to 130°C (for experimental procedures, see 84MI5). The TON values after 2 hrs are summarized in Table II. The best results were obtained with the i7 -phenylborininato complex (9), which produced 2.78 kg VP/g Co. 

Supported Pt [61] and Ti [62] catalysts have been used in heterogeneous catalyst systems with H202 as an oxidant. However, these catalysts suffered from low TON values and low selectivity. A Sn-substituted beta zeolite was recently applied as a... 

Figure 4.23 Second-generation W-and Re-alkylidene metathesis catalysts anchored on silica, with their corresponding TOF and TON values at25°C [131],...

H2, and dimethylamine was successfully catalyzed by RuCl2(PMe3)4, with a TON of up to 370 000 within 37 h (Eq. 11.72) [123c, 138], This TON value is greater than the largest TON of 3400 for the formation of DMF from CO2 in a conventional liquid solvent, as reported by Kiso and Saeki [135],... 

In 1910 Great Britain exported of cyanide of sodium or potassium, 7,770 tons, value, 633,000. Germany, in 1895, exported 6,280 tons at 1,400 marks per ton. 

In total, there are more than 150 different essential oils which are of commercial interest - estimates on the global production vary widely between 90,000 and 130,000 tons valued between EUR 800 million and EUR 1200 million (EUR 1.2 billion). 

In the reduction of NO by CO at low temperature, on Pd/MgO(100) model catalysts, the reaction rate is independent of CO pressure but increases with NO pressure [64,65], then the TON of the reaction is modified by the reverse-spillover effect and, in particular, depends on particle size. In that case, it is no longer possible to compare the TON value measured on different particle sizes, it is more appropriated to calculate the reaction probability [64], which takes into account for the real flux of molecules that reach the clusters which can be measured by molecular beam experiments. Reverse-spillover effects have also been recently observed for the CO oxidation on size-selected Pd clusters soft-landed on MgO epitaxial films [66]. 

Results shown in Figure 32 are impressive, particularly in terms of TON values. Moreover, after extraction of products with toluene/hexanes (1 1), the IL phase was recycled 5 times without loss of catalytic activity. 

A further example of a cooperative catalytic system is a bifunctionalized mesoporous silica nanosphere material (MSN) containing the ureidopropyl group (UDP) and 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl group (AEP). All catalysts were synthesized by a sol-gel procedure similar to the previously mentioned one by using different AEP/UDP molar ratios. The MSN-AEP/ UDP catalyst was employed for the aldol, Henry and cyanosilylation reactions (Scheme 3.8 R = NO2, R" = H, Schemes 3.35 and 3.36, respectively) and TON values were compared with those observed by using MSN-AEP and MSN-UDP catalysts (Table 3.10). 

The TON values of 2/8 MSN-AEP/UDP catalysts were higher than those of the monofunctionalized ones. These unusual catalytic enhancements are strong... 

Also, the catalysts based on TPA show TON values appreciably higher than that corresponding to HCl. So, the TON value of TPA-PVA-PEG is twice that of the mineral acid. These results are in accordance with the higher acidity of TPA with respect to HCl. 

S = selectivity, X = (mmol substrate converted)/(mmol substrate initially present) and E = efficiency of oxidant use, measured as (meq O in oxidation products / mmol H2O2 consumed). Control experiments prove the truly heterogeneous character of the catalysis. Maximally 0.3% of the total W was found in solution, which is by far insufficient to account for the observed activity. H2O2 was analyzed via cerimetry. TON = mmol (epoxide + solvolysis products) / mmol W. Maximum TON value is 300. in 4.5 ml MeOH. 

Mining of lithium minerals in the United States has recently developed rapidly. In 1919 a total of 6287 short tons were produced valued at 115,000. This was more than 10 times as much as was produced in any year preceding 1916. In 1920 the production totaled 11,696 short tons, valued at 173,000. Lepidolite from Pala, California, and spodumene from Keystone, South Dakota, were the chief ores. 

The other interesting aspect is that the TON values for Pt-Sn bimetallic systems, for dehydrogenation of n.dodecane do not vary significantly with respect to Sn/Pt ratio and are closer to the value for monometallic Pt. This indicates that Sn increases the dispersion of Pt by ensemble /dilution effect, thereby increasing the number of active site and hence the activity. 

A detailed analytical study of fhe acfivity of some solid acid catalysts, including mesoporous silica-supported Nation, in the acylation of anisole with AAN allows the conclusion that catalyst deactivation is caused by the primary ketone product and/or multiple acetylated products in the micropores of Nation catalyst aggregates. i Experiments were performed with a commercially available silica-supported Nation catalyst in a continuous-mode slurry operation by using carbon-dioxide-expanded liquids (nitromethane or nitrobenzene) as solvents. At 90°C, 80% AAN conversion is observed with a TOS of 2 h, but the catalyst rapidly deactivates, and 27% conversion is evaluated after 6 h TOS with a TON value of about 400. The catalyst can, however, be completely regenerated upon nitric acid treatment. These results confirm that silica-supported Nation catalysts are promising alternatives for the traditional aluminum chloride homogeneous Lewis acid catalyst. 

It is observed that the polymer-immobilized aluminium salts (AITPApva-peg and AITSApva-peg) display higher TON values than the copper ones (CuTPApva-peg and CuTSApva-peg)- The higher TON values of polymer-immobilized aluminium salts could be due to the fact that they have higher acid strength than the corresponding immobilized copper salts. It must be also taken into account... 

The international trade in spices is unique in that about 90% of the exports are from developing countries and almost all import markets are in more industrialized nations. The world trade in spices amounts to 1.5 million tons valued at about 3 billion USD with projected increases of 2% to 5% annually [2]. Of these exports, 33% come from developing countries with per capita incomes of less than... 

Motivated by the high and volatile price of Pd, an intensive search for a Pd replacement was undertaken using HTS. Iron compounds such as FeBrj in combination with various ICCs (e.g., Pb, Cu) and abase showed 2—6TON [39]. Other nonplatinum group metals, such as manganese [40], cobalt [41], and nickel [42], also catalyze DPC synthesis, but TON values were less than 10-15 (though well above stoichiometric). Even taking into account the low cost of these metals compared with Pd, their catalytic activity was too low to be practical. 

Commonly quoted parameters derived fiom DSC that describe desolvation include onset and peak temperatures (Ton, Tpeak respectively) and the enthalpy change, A/f. The value of Jon is one measure of stability of a solvate. For some solvates (e.g. those of the lattice channel type), desolvation may be visible upon removal of crystals from their mother liquor under ambient conditions crystals begin to turn opaque and immediate mass loss is recorded in TG, reflected in an endotherm in the DSC. In other cases (e.g. with solvent molecules located in isolated sites ), very high on values are observed. Thus, for water loss fi om hydrates of organic host compounds, Ton values sparming a range from 20 to 200 °C have been reported. Die parameters ToJT y or Ton-Tb (where Tb is the normal b.p. of the solvent) have been proposed as alternative measures of solvate stability [61]. 

Production V. B12 is currently mainly produced by microbial fermentation in submersion cultures or by isolation from sludge or activated sludge. In 1996, the world production of V. B12 was 8.7 tons, valued at 70 million U.S.. ... 

The bifunctional complexes 29 and 30 demonstrated low activities in transfer hydrogenations of acetophenone and cyclohexanone (Scheme 32). For instance, the reaction of acetophenone in 2-propanol catalyzed by 0.45 mol% of complex 29 afforded within 1 h a 50% conversion corresponding to a TON value of 109. A maximum conversion of 66% was eventually achieved reaching the equilibrium state between acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol. The transfer hydrogenation of cyclohexanone catalyzed by 0.33 mol% of complex 30 afforded within 65 min a conversion of 54% corresponding to a TON of 162. The low TON values were attributed to the decomposition of the catalyst due to the instability of 30 in 2-propanol. 

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