Kinds of Products

In considering life cycle assessments, it is useful to divide products into three major categories as illustrated in Fignre 14.6. Consumable products, such as gasoline bnrned in an antomobile engine, are used up or dispersed to the environment with no possibility of recovery. Recyclable commodities are potentially reclaimed, reprocessed, and reused engine oil is such a material. Service products (sometimes called durable products) are devices that can be nsed multiple times and have a long lifetime. An automobile is a service product. 

FIGURE 14.6 An automobile is a service product that is used multiple times. The fuel that it burns is a consumable material, the combustion products of which are dissipated to the atmosphere. The engine oil is a recyclable commodity that can be reprocessed and used again. 

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With higher alkenes, three kinds of products, namely alkenyl acetates, allylic acetates and dioxygenated products are obtained[142]. The reaction of propylene gives two propenyl acetates (119 and 120) and allyl acetate (121) by the nucleophilic substitution and allylic oxidation. The chemoselective formation of allyl acetate takes place by the gas-phase reaction with the supported Pd(II) and Cu(II) catalyst. Allyl acetate (121) is produced commercially by this method[143]. Methallyl acetate (122) and 2-methylene-1,3-diacetoxypropane (123) are obtained in good yields by the gas-phase oxidation of isobutylene with the supported Pd catalyst[144]. 

The 2,3-alkadienyl esters 839 are reactive compounds toward Pd catalysts and form the a-alkylidene-rr-allylpalladium complexes 840, which react further to give two kinds of products, namely the 1,2- and 1,4-diene derivatives 841 and 842, depending on the reactants. 

In contrast, the ultrasonic irradiation of organic Hquids has been less studied. SusHck and co-workers estabHshed that virtually all organic Hquids wiU generate free radicals upon ultrasonic irradiation, as long as the total vapor pressure is low enough to allow effective bubble coUapse (49). The sonolysis of simple hydrocarbons (for example, alkanes) creates the same kinds of products associated with very high temperature pyrolysis (50). Most of these products (H2, CH4, and the smaller 1-alkenes) derive from a weU-understood radical chain mechanism. 

Friedel-Crafts reaction of ahyl alcohol with benzene or alkylbenzene yields many kinds of products, in which the reaction species and the product ratio depend on the type of catalyst. Zinc chloride is the most effective catalyst for producing ahyl compounds by this reaction (32). 

Several kinds of products can be obtained by reaction of thioglycolic acid and its esters with aldehydes to form mercaptals, RCH(SCH2COOH)2, or with ketones to form thiolketals, RR C(SCH2COOH)2. Reaction with formaldehyde (qv) yields di- -butyhnethylene-bisthioglycolate [1433882-0] (MET ester) ... 

Reaction of [Ir(rj -cod)(/x-pz)]2 with nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate yields 140 (L2 = cod), the cationic nitrosyl complex [85JCS(CC)908]. The 3-methylpyra-zolato complex reveals the same type of behavior, while 3,5-dimethylpyrazolato derivatives give a different kind of product Oxidation of [Ir( j -cod)(/i,-pz )]2 with nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate leads to 141 (X = BF4, PFg). 

Each oxygen atom in the dioxolane has two lone pairs available for coordination to the zinc reagent. In each case, one is proximal to the double bond and one is distal, the latter being too far away to be involved in any kind of productive interaction. The proximal lone pair of the equatorial oxygen substituent is referred to as the topographically preferred site" (Fig. 3.7). 

Plastic films represent the largest worldwide market for plastics with practically all extruded (6). They are used to meet different performance requirements particularly for its major packaging market. Worldwide just for biaxial oriented (Chapter 8) polypropylene consumption is about 5 /2 billion lb. Their use includes tape, food, tobacco, and confectionery. Thermoforming film (and extruded sheets) is a major processing technique producing all kinds of products. 

The success of a specific technique will depend on whether, as a by-product of the technique, sizable stress levels in the plastic product may result. Guarding against potential stresses in the assembly is a very important aspect of complete product design. There are many techniques that provide assembling all kinds of products. Each have technical and/or cost advantages and limitations. Examples of a few are reviewed in this section with more information in Chapter 3, BASIC FEATURE and FEATURE INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE. 

Initial Situation An experimental granulation technique is to be evaluated a sample of tablets of the hrst trial run is sent to the analytical laboratory for the standard batch analysis prescribed for this kind of product, including content uniformity (homogeneity of the drug substance on a tablet-to-tablet basis, see USP Section (905)" ), tablet dissolution, friability (abrassion resistance), hardness, and weight. The last two tests require little time and were therefore done first. (Note Hardness data is either given in [kg-force] or [N], with 1 kg = 9.81 Newton). 

Representative results for the Ni-catalyzed allylation of acetaldehyde with 1,3-butadiene in the presence of phosphine ligands are shown in Table 1. The reaction is rather complex and four kinds of products are formed two... 

Recently, results of careful experiments were reported by Ito et a/.101 They claimed that formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol, which had been previously reported as photoelectrochemical reduction products of carbon dioxide, were observed also by photolysis of cell materials, such as electrolytes, including 15-crown-5 ether, and epoxy resin, which has often been used as the molding material of semiconductor electrodes in aqueous solutions. Previously reported reduction products were obtained also under nitrogen with (Table 4) and without (Table 5) a p-GaP photocathode under illumination. These precise experiments under improved conditions, where no photolytic products were observed, gave the result that the main reduction product of carbon dioxide at a p-GaP photocathode in aqueous electrolytes was formic acid. Thus, many kinds of products reported in previous papers83,97,100 were suggested to be due to photolysis of cell materials. 

By extending the FT model to the formation of two kinds of products—olefins and paraffins—and including secondary olefin reactions, the kinetic schemes shown in Figure 9.15 are obtained. In parallel primary reactions (from the growth sites), paraffins and alpha-olefins are desorbed—by irreversible associative desorption (the paraffins) and by dissociative desorption (the olefins) (upper scheme in Figure 9.15). 

In three dimensions there is another kind of product between two vectors. Consider the same two vectors A and B together with a third, C perpendicular to the plane that contains A and B. 

The Biginelli reaction is a cyclocondensation between ethylacetoacetate, an arylal-dehyde and urea derivatives to obtain dihydropyrimidines. Transfer this reaction to the solid-phase chemistry, allow the preparation of libraries of this kind of products (Scheme 3.18) [288]. 

Ask the average person on the street about "natural products," and he or she is likely to mention the kinds of products found on the shelves of grocery stores and stores that specialize in "organic and "natural foods. Those items are overwhelmingly plant products, and they range from aconitum napellus (monkshood), alfalfa, allium cepa, aloe vera, angelica, and anise seed to witch hazel, yarrow, yellow dock, yohimhe hark, and yucca. 

In practical situations, drugs may be known by their generic name or their trade name, or by both. In most cases, there is virtually no difference between the two kinds of products except for the way they are packaged and the additives they contain. For example, the popular drug whose generic name is acetaminophen is sold under a number of trade names, including Datril , Excedrin , Liquiprin , Paracetamol, Tempra , and Tylenol . 

The toxicology of household products is fascinating because it deals with products that we are all familiar with and because so many different kinds of products are involved. A typical home may contain cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, paints, medications, pesticides, fuels, and various solvents. Thermometers and thermostats may contain mercury, a well-known toxicant. Older homes were often painted with a lead-based paint, which if consumed causes serious developmental effects. Building materials may contain toxic solvents that are released into the home. The toxicity and ingredients of household products vary widely, but highly toxic products are found in most homes (Table 18.1). 

The isobutene oligomerization is a highly exothermic reaction, carried out via the carbenium ion mechanism, which is thermodynamically favoured at low temperature. The kind of products obtained as well as the conversion and stability at constant temperature and pressure will depend on the reaction GHSV, which determine the intermediate carbenio ion formed during the first steps. 

If cycloalkene-yne 65 having an o -alkynyl substituent at an olefinic position in a cycloalkene is treated with a ruthenium catalyst, what kinds of products are produced. In this reaction, ruthenium mono-substituted carbene complex XVII is anticipated to be formed from a highly strained ruthenacyclobutane intermediate. If it then reacts with ethylene, triene 67 should be formed, but if XVII reacts with an alkene part intramolecularly, bicyclic compound 66 should be formed via ruthenacyclobutane (Scheme 23). 

Gases Liberated from Explosions Initiated by Impoct. It has been known for a long rime that in a true deton of HE, the major products are C02, CO, HaO, N and H, while in thermal decomposition of expls, more complicated mixtures of NOa, NO, NgO, C02, CO, H2, aldehydes etc, result. As it is of interest to know what kind of products are obtained when an expl is initiated by impact, Robertson and Yoffe (Ref 8) tested NG,... 

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