Toll-like

Autoimmune Disease. Figure 2 Generation of autoreactivity. APC, antigen presenting cell IFN, interferon LPS, lipopolysaccharide MHC, major histocompatibility complex T, T-lymphocyte TCR, Tcell (antigen) receptor TLR, toll like receptors. For details see text. 

Immune Defense JAK-STAT Pathway PIAS proteins Map Kinase Cascades Toll-like Receptors Growth Factors... 

Krieg AM (2006) Therapeutic potential of Toll-like receptor 9 activation. Nat Rev Drag Discov 5(6) 471-484. 

Endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They trigger inflammatory reactions in the infected organism, activate complement and cause fever or even a septic shock. They act on toll-like receptors. 

Nuclear Factor Kappa B Toll-like Receptors... 

An additional pathway leading to very efficient EFN-(3 responses involves one of the Toll-like-recqDtors (TLR), TLR3 which also senses dsRNA and is mainly expressed in dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. Signal transduction then proceeds via the adaptor molecule TICAM/TRIF associated with the TER.-domain of... 

IL-1 receptor associated kinase family-A with Toll-like receptor signalling. There are four members in this group to date IRAK-1,2,4 and M. They can phosphor-ylate among themselves, as well with other proteins involved in signalling such as TRAF-6. 

Toll/IL-l receptor domain - A domain found on the internal C-terminus of Toll-like receptors involved in binding the adapter proteins to initiate signalling inside the cell. 

Toll-like receptor - Transmembrane proteins involved in the recognition of components of pathogens that... 

Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors are a group of at least 6 proteins (TRAF 1-6), which are major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the the interlukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor (IL-1R/ TLR) superfamily. TRAF proteins are characterized by the presence of the TRAF domain at the the C-terminus,... 

Toll-like Receptors. Table 1 Disease Associations of TLRs... 

O Neill LA, Bowie AG (2007) The family of five TIR-domain containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 7(5) 353-364... 

Coffman RL, et al (2007) Therapentic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists. Nat med 13(5) 552-559... 

In conclusion, IFNs have proven to be invaluable tools in the fight against chronic viral hepatitis. In these indications, their antiviral properties play a major role and it remains unclear whether their immunomodulatory properties are also important. Disappointing results obtained with purely immunomodulatory molecules, such as interleukins or Toll-like receptor agonists suggest that, if immunomodulation plays any role, potent inhibition of viral replication is also needed. The role of IFNs in the treatment of viral infections other than hepatitis B and C remains elusive. 

Kaisho T, Akira S Toll-like receptor function and signahng. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 117 979-988. 

Gon Y Toll-like receptors and airway inflammation. Allergol Int 2008 57 33-37. 

Hewson CA, Jardine A. Edwards MR. Laza-Stanca V, Johnston SL Toll-like receptor 3 is induced by and mediates antiviral activity against rhinovirus infection of human bronchial epithelial cells. J Virol 2005 79 12273-12279. 

Duez C, Gosset P. Tonnel AB Dendritic cells and toll-like receptors in allergy and asthma. Eur J Dermatol 2006 16 12-16. 

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