Toll-like receptor-4 TLR

Toll-like receptor signaling TLR, MYD88, IRAK, TRAF6, ESCIT, MEKKl, NFkB, TAKl, TAB1,2, JNK, p38, lL-1, lL-12, TNFa Infectious diseases... 

Equils O, Schito ML, Karahashi H et al (2003) Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR9 signaling results in HIV-long terminal repeat Trans-activation and HIV replication in HIV-1 transgenic mouse spleen cells Implications of simultaneous activation of TLRs on HIV replication. J Immunol 170 5159-5164... 

Autoimmune Disease. Figure 2 Generation of autoreactivity. APC, antigen presenting cell IFN, interferon LPS, lipopolysaccharide MHC, major histocompatibility complex T, T-lymphocyte TCR, Tcell (antigen) receptor TLR, toll like receptors. For details see text. 

Toll-like Receptors. Table 2 Therapeutic Targeting of TLRs... 

Reiling, N., et al., Cutting edge Toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-mediated pathogen recognition in resistance to airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,. /. Immunol. 169, 7, 3480, 2002. 

Triantafilou, M., Gamper, F.G., Haston, R.M., Mouratis, M.A., Morath, S., Hartung, T., Triantafilou, K. Membrane sorting of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2/6 and TLR2/1 heterodimers at the cell surface determines heterotypic associations with cd36 and intracellular targeting. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 31002-31011. 

Gobert, A.P., Bambou, J.-C., Werts, C., Balloy, V., Chignard, M., Moran, A.P., and Ferrero, R.L. Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 mediates interleukin-6 production by macrophages via a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-, TLR-4-, and myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 245-250. 

Sato S, Nomura F, Kawai T, Takeuchi O, Muhlradt PF, et al. 2000. Synergy and cross-tolerance between toll-like receptor (TLR) 2- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways. J. Immunol. 165 7096-101... 

Although l,25(OH)2D3 obviously acts primarily by dampening on APCs, newer results indicate an active immunoprotective and especially antimicrobial role of l,25(OH)2D3 [91]. Activation of pathogen associated molecular patterns on macrophages such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 leads to VDR expression and to local synthesis of l,25(OH)2D3. This in turn induced expression of cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide of the skin [92], Vice versa, VDR ligation may increase TLR2 expression on keratinocytes and thereby complement expression of cathelicidin [93]. 

III. Discovery of signal transduction systems via toll-like receptors (TLR) by ARS-2, an active substance showing antitumor activity from a glycoprotein-rich substance (CVS) from culture supernatant of Chlorella vulgaris strain CK... 

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