Fever causes

The belief that histamine (HT) has a central effect stems from the knowledge that all the classical antihistamines (Hi receptor antagonists) used to treat allergic reaction, such as hay fever, caused marked sedation if, like mepyramine and promethazine, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, but fail to do so if, like terfenedine and cetirizine, they do not. 

Increased insensible losses (from his fever caused by bacterial pneumonia) and lack of access to water (from his altered level of consciousness)... 

When considering antimicrobial therapy in a patient with fever, one should answer the following questions. First, is the fever caused by an infection If affirmative, data are needed to determine the severity of the infection, the site of infection, and the causal micro-organism(s). Second, when the cause of the fever is infectious, one should ask is treatment with antimicrobial drugs needed Many soft tissue infections including impetigo and decubital ulcers are best treated with local antiseptics and/or wound debridement without the use of antibiotics. If the chance to cure the infection with antimicrobial... 

The disease is caused by a single micro-organism, and the susceptibility of that organism to antimicrobial agents is predictable, e.g. scarlet fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. 

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi or S. paratyphi is an important and prevalent cause of continuous fever without localizing symptoms in the tropics. The diagnosis can be confirmed with a bloodculture. Response on therapy is often seen only after 3 days when the fever subsides. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi was first described in Vietnam in 1973. Its prevalence reached 95% in the 1970s and then decreased to 54% in the 1980s after cotrimoxazole became the treatment of choice. In the mid-1993, there was a dramatic increase in the number of strains of S. typhi, isolated in the hospital and from patients in the outbreaks, which are resistant to the three first-line antibiotics chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazol and ampicillin. This indicated that there was an urgent need for effective antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid fever. 

Thesium chinense Turcz. Bai Rui Cao (whole plant) Flavonoids, mannitol.48 Breast gland, lung, throat, tonsil infections, fever caused by cold, relieve swelling. 

Interleukin-1 was originally discovered as a factor that induced fever, caused damage to joints and regulated bone marrow cells and lymphocytes, it was given several different names by various investigators. Later, the presence of two distinct proteins, IL-la and IL-1 (3, was confirmed, which belong to a family of cytokines, the... 

There is circumstantial evidence to support this suggestion, because the liver content of biotin is lower in infants who have died from cot death than in infants who have died from known causes. By parallel with the fatty liver and kidney syndrome, it has been suggested that a modest metabolic stress, such as a mild fever, causes a higher requirement for gluconeogenesis than can be met, resulting in acute hypoglycemia. There are rapid postmortem changes in... 

Protein degradation products may also trigger a febrile episode aetiological differentiation of the fever caused by such metabolic products is usually impossible. There are no effective therapeutic measures. Differential diagnosis of fever of unexplained origin (R.G. Petersdorf et af, 1961) can be very difficult in cirrhosis, a situation which presents an additional risk to the patient. In unexplained fever, laparoscopy is indicated, (s. tab. 7.10) (s. p. 156)... 

Chueh SC, Hong JC, Huang CY, Lai MK. Drug fever caused by mycophenolate mofetil in a renal transplant recipient—a case report. Transplant Proc 2000 32(7) 1925-6. 

Oxytetracycline and doxycycline are used in horses. Oxytetracycline is the drug of choice for Potomac horse fever, caused by Ehrlichia risticii, and equine ehrlichiosis, caused by Ehrlichia equi. It is also used to treat contracted flexor tendons in foals, where the effects may be caused by calcium chelation at the myotendinous junction resulting in the relaxation of the flexor tendons. Some clinicians use parenteral oxytetracycline or p.o. doxycycline to treat horses with EPM. 

A patient must take in 1900 to 2400 ml of fluid per day maintain fluid-electrolyte balance. Age and medical conditions influence the daily amount of water. Disease and its treatment increase water output, requiring an increased water intake. A fever causes the loss of 2185 to 2760 ml of water each day. 

In England, Edward Stone used willow tree bark to reduce the fever caused by malaria. 

Hyperkalemia may occur in renal disease and adrenal insufficiency owing to impairment of normal secretory mechanisms. Metabolic acidosis, in particular diabetic acidosis, and catabolism of cellular protein in starvation or fever cause K+ release from cells. Treatment consists of correction of the acidosis and promotion of cellular uptake of K+ by administration of insulin, which enhances glucose intake. In severe cases, ion exchange resins given orally bind K+ in intestinal secretions. 

Enteric Eever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid). Enteric fever caused by serotype Typhi is called typhoid fever. If caused by any other serotype, it is referred to as paratyphoid fever. The clinical... 

Viral infections are yellow and dengue fevers, caused by flaviviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti, and Japanese encephalitis, also caused by a flavivirus, which is spread by Culex tritaeniorhynchus All these are controlled by vaccine administration. 

It was proposed that c-AMP acts as the messenger in the activity of PGE, on hypothalamic neurons, which in turn leads to fever. Aspirinlike drugs do not abolish the fever produced by PGE, injections into a cat s ventricles, but they will abolish fever caused by similar injections of serotonin and pyrogens in general. This, of course, makes sense if one considers the likelihood of E PGs as mediators of fever and that these drugs inhibit the biosynthesis of PGs rather than antagonizes their effects once formed. 

Teflon pyrolysis occurring at temperatures of approximately 450°C produces a mixture of particulate and gaseous by-products in 1951, Harris45 was the first to describe polymer fume fever, the clinical syndrome that resulted from inhaling this mixture. Within 1 to 2 hours postexposure, a syndrome known as polymer fume fever appears. Often mistaken for influenza, polymer fume fever causes malaise, chills, fever to 104°F (40°C), sore throat, sweating, and chest tightness. Once the patient is removed from the site of exposure, the symptoms spontaneously and gradually disappear over 24 to 48 hours without any specific treatment. The patient typically... 

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, fever-causing viral disease that affects domestic animals (such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels) and humans. RVF is most commonly associated with mosquito-borne epidemics during years of unusually heavy rainfall. 

Human cases or outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers caused by these viruses occur sporadically and irregularly. The occurrence of outbreaks cannot be easily predicted. 

One study indicates that single oral dose of naproxen (2.5 or 7.5 mg/kg) was at least as effective as a single oral dose of aspirin (15 mg/kg) in the reduction of fever in children. The result of one study suggested that the combination of naproxen sodium and ampicillin was more effective than ampiciline alone in elleviating fever, dyspnea, and coughing associated with accute respiratory infections in children (1). A favourable antipyretic effect with naproxen 5 mg/kg twice daily in children with fever caused by infection (21). 

In 10 myeloma patients the AUC of melphalan 250 microgram/kg was re-dueed by 13% when it was given 5 hours after the administration of human interferon alfa (7 x 10 units/m ), possibly due to the fever caused by the interferon. The elinieal importance of this is uncertain but the authors of the report suggest that despite this small reduction in the AUC, the cytotoxicity of the melphalan is increased by the fever. The use of interferon alfa with melphalan and prednisone in multiple myeloma has been associated with more adverse effects. 

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