Toll-like receptor family

Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG,Gilbert DJ,etal. 1999. TLR6 anovel member of an expanding Toll-like receptor family. Gene 231 59-65... 

IL-1 receptor associated kinase family-A with Toll-like receptor signalling. There are four members in this group to date IRAK-1,2,4 and M. They can phosphor-ylate among themselves, as well with other proteins involved in signalling such as TRAF-6. 

O Neill LA, Bowie AG (2007) The family of five TIR-domain containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 7(5) 353-364... 

IL-18 also induces IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 production, increases IgE expression on B cells and in association with IL-2, it enhances stimulus-induced IL-4 production from TH2 cells. Bone marrow-derived basophils produce IL-4 and IL-13 in response to a stimulus from IL-18 and IL-3. IL-18 in combination with IL-12 induces IFN-y from dendritic cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, are induced by this cytokine on synovial fibroblasts and endothelial cells. It inhibits osteoclast formation via its induction of GM-CSF from T cells. The receptors ofIL-18, IL-18Ra and IL-18R(3, share their signaling mechanisms via the IL-1R family. Toll-like receptors also share the downstream signaling pathway of IL-18 and are known to regulate IL-18 expression. 

McGettrick, A.F., O Neill, L.A. The expanding family of MyD88-like adaptors in Toll-like receptor signal transduction. Mol Immunol 41 (2004) 577-582. 

One of the best understood pathways to induce innate immune activation is the family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs detect highly conserved components of pathogens that are not present in our own cells. The TLRs appear to have evolved as a warning system to detect infections, and in some cases they can be triggered by synthetic nucleic acid therapeutics or accidentally by self molecules.34... 

Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ. 2000. Cloning and characterization ofa sub-family of human toll-like receptors hTLR7, hTLR8 and hTLR9. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 11 372-78... 

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