TLR3 toll-like receptor

Figure 8.3. Various neurotoxins induce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) via the activation of NF-kB. Nitric oxide produced from iNOS then induces the activation of guanylate cyclase (GUCY) that catalyzes the production of cGMP. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase may also increase the level of cGMP. Cyclic GMP utilizes protein kinase G (PKG) to increase the expression of GFAP. IL-IR, IL-1 receptor TLR4, toll-like receptor4 GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor TLR3, toll-like receptor 3.

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