Toll-like receptor proteins

Even in the absence of LBP, LPS micelles or monomers are thought to initiate signaling by binding directly to the lipid A receptor. Recent evidence suggests that the Toll-like receptor proteins TLR2 and/or TLR4 might function as lipid A receptor proteins [72-74] and that LBP and CD-14 function as a lipid A delivery system. 

Immune Defense JAK-STAT Pathway PIAS proteins Map Kinase Cascades Toll-like Receptors Growth Factors... 

IL-1 receptor associated kinase family-A with Toll-like receptor signalling. There are four members in this group to date IRAK-1,2,4 and M. They can phosphor-ylate among themselves, as well with other proteins involved in signalling such as TRAF-6. 

Toll/IL-l receptor domain - A domain found on the internal C-terminus of Toll-like receptors involved in binding the adapter proteins to initiate signalling inside the cell. 

Toll-like receptor - Transmembrane proteins involved in the recognition of components of pathogens that... 

Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors are a group of at least 6 proteins (TRAF 1-6), which are major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the the interlukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor (IL-1R/ TLR) superfamily. TRAF proteins are characterized by the presence of the TRAF domain at the the C-terminus,... 

Guillot, L., et al., Cutting edge The immunostimulatory activity of the lung surfactant protein-A involves Toll-like receptor 4, J. Immunol. 168, 12, 5989, 2002. 

Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T Toll-like receptors critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2001 2 675-680. 

Src is another soluble protein Tyr kinase that associates with certain receptors when they bind their ligands. Src was the first protein found to have the characteristic (P) Tyr-bincling domain that was subsequently named the Src homology (SH2) domain. Yet another example of a receptor s association with a soluble protein kinase is the Toll-like receptor (TLR4) system through which mammals detect the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent toxin. We return to the Toll-like receptor system in Section 12.6, in the context of the evolution of signaling proteins. 

Figure 22.3 Signaling pathways activated by CpG DNA. CpG is thought to enter the cell via a pH-dependent step that may be receptor mediated. There is a possible role for the toll like receptor 9 (TLR-9). Once inside the cell, CpG DNA appears to act, through a number of signal transduction pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), the ubiquitination and degradation of IrcB, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which ultimately lead to the induction of activating protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).

Anderson, K.V., Bokla, L., Nusslein-Volhard, C. Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo-, the induction of polarity by the Toll gene product. Cell 42 (1985) 791-798. Baetz, A., Frey, M., Heeg, K., Dalpke, A.H. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins indirectly regulate toll-like receptor signaling in innate immune cells. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 54708-54715. 

Chuang, T.H., Ulevitch, R.J. Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 5 (2004) 495-502. 

O Reilly, S.M., Moynagh, P.N. Regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 signalling by A20 zinc finger protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 303 (2003) 586-593. 

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