Tolerance to cadmium

Gupta A, BA Whitton, AP Morby, JW Huckle, NJ Robinson (1992) Amplification and rearrangement of a prokaryotic metallothionein locus smt in Synechococcus PCC 6301 selected for tolerance to cadmium. Proc Roy Soc (London) SerB 248 273-281. 

Chan, H.M. 1988b. Accumulation and tolerance to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc by the green mussel Perna viridis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 48 295-303. 

Primary hepatocyte cultures have been used as a tool to predict the hepatotoxicity of many compounds such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Castell et ah, 1988), psychotropic drugs (Boelsterli et ah, 1987), immunosuppressant drugs (Boelsterli et ah, 1988), and salicylates (Tolman et ah, 1978). Rat primary hepatocyte cultures have also been shown to be a good model for examining the mechanisms of metallothionein-induced tolerance to cadmium toxicity (Liu et ah,... 

Liu, J., Kershaw, W.C. and Klaasen, C.D. (1990). Rat primary hepatocyte cultures are a good model for examining metallothionein-induced tolerance to cadmium toxicity. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 26 75-79. 

Goering PL, Klaassen CD. 1985. Mechanism of manganese-induced tolerance to cadmium lethality and hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 34 1371-1379. 

Gallant KR, Cherian MG (1987) Changes in dietary zinc result in specific alterations of metallothionein concentrations in newborn rat liver. J Nutr 117 706-716 Gallant KR, Cherian MG (1989) Metabolic changes in glutathione and metallothionein in newborn rat liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249 631-637 Goering PL, Klaassen CD (1984a) Tolerance to cadmium-induced toxicity depends on presynthesized metallothionein in liver. J Toxicol Environ Health 14 803-812... 

Glaser U, Hochrainer D, Otto FJ, Oldiges H (1990) Carcinogenicity and toxicity of four cadmium compounds inhaled by rats. Chem Environ Toxicol 27 153-lfe Goering PL, Klaassen CD (1983) Altered subcellular distribution of cadmium following cadmium pretreatment possible mechanism of tolerance to cadmium-induced lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70 195-203 Goering PL, Klaassen CD (1984) Zinc-induced tolerance to cadmium hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74 299-307... 

Leber AP, Miya TS (1976) A mechanism for cadmium and zinc-induced tolerance to cadmium toxicity involvement of metallothionein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 37 403-414... 

The genetic differences in heat-induced cross-tolerance to cadmium were investigated in two inbred strains of mice (Kapron-Bras and Hales 1992). Although pre-exposure to heat provided no cross-tolerance to cadmium in BALB/c mouse embryos, heat treatment of SWV mouse... 

Persson D.P., Hansen T.H., Holm P.E., Schjoerring J.K., Hansen H.C.B., Nielsen J., Cakmak L, Husted S. Multi-elemental speciation analysis of barley genotypes differing in tolerance to cadmium toxicity using SEC-ICP-MS and ESI-TOF-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 21 996-1005 (2006). 

Navarro E, Robinson CT, Behra R (2008) Increased tolerance to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and cotolerance to cadmium in UVR-acclimatized freshwater periphyton. Limnol Oceanogr 53 1149... 

Further work at EniTecnologies was conducted with Rhodococcus strains. Rhodococ-cus was selected for its metabolical versatility, easy availability in soils and water, and remarkable solvent tolerance. Its capabilities for catalyzing diverse transformation reactions of crude oils, such as sulfur removal, alkanes and aromatics oxidation and catabolism caught their attention. Hence, genetic tools for the engineering of Rhodococcus strains have been applied to improve its biotransformation performance and its tolerance to certain common contaminants of the crude oil, such as cadmium. The development of active biomolecules led to the isolation and characterization of plasmid vectors and promoters. Strains have been constructed in which the careful over-expression of selected components of the desulfurization pathway leads to the enhancement of the sulfur removal activity in model systems. Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Nocardia were transformed in this way trying to improve their catalytic performance in BDS. In a... 

Thorp, J.H., J.P. Giesy, and S.A. Wineriter. 1979. Effects of chronic cadmium exposure on crayfish survival, growth, and tolerance to elevated temperatures. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8 449-456. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 15 14-38. McDonald, L.J. 1986. Suspected lead poisoning in an Amazon parrot. Canad. Vet. Jour. 27 131-134. McLean, R.O. and A.K. Jones. 1975. Studies of tolerance to heavy metals in the flora of the rivers Ystwyth and Clarach, Wales. Freshwater Biol. 5 431 -444. 

Duncan, D.A. and J.F. Klaverkamp. 1983. Tolerance and resistance to cadmium in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) previously exposed to cadmium, mercury, zinc, or selenium. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40 128-138. 

Devi, V.U. 1987. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes LatreiUe and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) tolerance to copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 1020-1027. Devi, V.U. and Y.R Rao. 1989. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes Latreille and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) respiration on exposure to copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc. Bull. 

Tolerance to heavy metals, specifically mercury and cadmium, has been associated with the induction of kidney metallothionein, a protein rich in sulfhydryl groups which protects by chelation (102). The synthetic antidote dimercaprol, introduced after World War I for arsenic-containing gases, works by a similar mechanism (103). 

It must be emphasized that the most appropriate charging regime is very dependent on the cell system under consideration. Some are tolerant to a considerable amount of overcharging (e.g. nickel-cadmium batteries), while for others, such as zinc-silver oxide and most lithium secondary cells, overcharging can result in permanent damage to the cell. Sealed battery systems require special care float charging should not be used and trickle charge rates should be strictly limited to the manufacturer s recommended values, since otherwise excessive cell temperatures or thermal runaway can result. 

Harada, E. et al., Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a rice cysteine synthase gene are tolerant to toxic levels of cadmium, J. Plant Physiol., 158, 655-661, 2001. 

Enzyme induction is an indirect effect of metal toxicity. In consequence, it only appears after in-vivo metal application. Increase in capacity in the presence of toxic concentrations of metals implies that the enzyme involved is insensitive to or well masked from direct metal action. In Silene cucubalus POD and to a lesser extent ICDH were shown to be very tolerant to zinc, copper and cadmium applied in-vitro (Mathys, 1975). MDH extracted from roots of both copper tolerant and non-tolerant clones of Agrostis stolonifera was found to be insensitive in-vitro to copper concentrations up to 180 im. However, in the literature, conflicting results are reported about the effects of in-vitro and in-vivo application of metals on enzymes. In Phaseolus vulgaris, GDH was inhibited by cadmium in-vitro, while an induction was found after in-vivo application of a toxic dose of the same metal (Weigel and Jager, 1980b). 

Barata C, Markich SJ, Baird DJ, Taylor G, Soares AMVM. 2002. Genetic variability in sub-lethal tolerance to mixtures of cadmium and zinc in clones of Daphnia magna Straus. Aquat Toxicol 60 85-99. 

Li, Y., Dhankher, O.P., Carreira, L., Lee, D., Chen, A., Schroeder, J.I., Balish, R.S., Meagher, R.B. (2004). Overexpression of phytochelatin synthase in Arabidopsis leads to enhanced arsenic tolerance and cadmium hypersensitivity. Plant Cell Physiol. 45 1787-97. 

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