Cadmium lethal

Goering PL, Klaassen CD. 1985. Mechanism of manganese-induced tolerance to cadmium lethality and hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 34 1371-1379. 

Criticality Precautions. The presence of a critical mass of Pu ia a container can result ia a fission chain reaction. Lethal amounts of gamma and neutron radiation are emitted, and a large amount of heat is produced. The assembly can simmer near critical or can make repeated critical excursions. The generation of heat results eventually ia an explosion which destroys the assembly. The quantity of Pu required for a critical mass depends on several factors the form and concentration of the Pu, the geometry of the system, the presence of moderators (water, hydrogen-rich compounds such as polyethylene, cadmium, etc), the proximity of neutron reflectors, the presence of nuclear poisons, and the potential iateraction with neighboring fissile systems (188). As Httle as 509 g of Pu(N02)4 solution at a concentration Pu of 33 g/L ia a spherical container, reflected by an infinite amount of water, is a critical mass (189,190). Evaluation of criticaUty controls is available (32,190). 

Lethal concentrations (LC) of cadmium to freshwater biota during various exposure intervals... 

The lethal effects of cadmium are thought to be caused by free cadmium ions, that is, cadmium not bound to metallothioneins or other proteins. Free cadmium ions may inactivate various metal-dependent enzymes however, cadmium not bound to metallothionein may have the capacity to directly damage renal tubular membranes during uptake (USPHS 1993). 

Table 1.3 Lethal Concentrations (LC) of Cadmium to Freshwater Biota during Various Exposure Intervals (Concentrations shown are in pg Cd/L (ppb) of medium fatal to 10% or 50% of test organisms)... 

Chapman, G.A. and D.G. Stevens. 1978. Acutely lethal levels of cadmium, copper and zinc to adult male coho salmon and steelhead. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 107 837-840. 

Roberts, K.S., A. Cryer, J. Kay, J.F. de L.G. Solbe, J.R. Wharfe, and W.R. Simpson. 1979. The effects of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium on enzyme activities and accumulation of the metal in tissues and organs of rainbow and brown trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson and Salmo truttafario L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62C 135-140. 

Waterborne solutions of zinc-cadmium mixtures were usually additive in toxicity to aquatic organisms, including freshwater fishes (Skidmore 1964) and amphipods (de March 1988), and to marine fishes (Eisler and Gardner 1973), copepods (Verriopoulos and Dimas 1988), and amphipods (Ahsanullah et al. 1988). However, mixtures of zinc and cadmium were less toxic than expected to Daphnia magna, as judged by acute lethality studies (Attar and Maly 1982). 

Kreppel, H., K. Kolb, F.X. Reichl, B. Fichtl, and W. Forth. 1988. Pretreatment with low doses of cadmium or zinc decreases lethality in mice acutely poisoned with arsenic. Pages 594-600 in Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology. Walter de Gruyter, Berhn. 

Abel, P.D. and S.M. Garner. 1986. Comparison of median survival times and median lethal exposure times for Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium, permethrin and cyanide. Water Res. 20 579-582. 

At near lethal doses, certain heavy metals, such as cadmium, can produce ischemia in testicular blood vessels that can lead to necrosis and loss of spermatozoa. 

Phenanthroline and a number of its derivatives were lethal to dermatophytes and Candida albicans when tested as hydrochlorides, methiodides and metal chelates97. Substituents in the 1,10-phenanthroline molecule did not greatly change the antimicrobial activity except that Candida albicans was more sensitive to chelates of the 5-phenyl or 5-methyl derivatives. The labile manganese(II), cadmium, and copper(II) chelates were the most, and the methiodides were the least, potent. 

Barata C, Markich SJ, Baird DJ, Taylor G, Soares AMVM. 2002. Genetic variability in sub-lethal tolerance to mixtures of cadmium and zinc in clones of Daphnia magna Straus. Aquat Toxicol 60 85-99. 

MTF-1 gene suffer embryonic lethality as a result of liver failure, while mice lacking both alleles for the MT gene develop normally despite an increase in cadmium sensitivity. This indicates that MTF-1 not only is involved in MT gene transcription, but also has been shown to be involved in regulating other genes that are crucial to embryonic development. 

Suter KE. 1975. Studies on the dominant-lethal and fertility effects of the heavy metal compounds methylmercuric hydroxide, mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride in male and female mice. Mutat Res 30 365-374. 

Insects and earthworms have a more intimate contact with soil pollutants and generally serve a more useful function in soil fertility. Earthworms have proven to be an easy species to study with regard to soil-polluting effects. Lead, cadmium, and copper are readily absorbed by earthworms. In high concentrations, these heavy metals are lethal. In lower concentrations, they accumulate, causing toxic effects that are manifest in reduced activity by the earthworms. 1415 ... 

Mn(II) pretreatment reduces Cd(II)-induced lethality (Goering and Klaassen 1985). Cadmium has been noted to have an inhibitory effect on manganese uptake (Gruden and Matausic 1989). In addition, manganese appears to be capable of increasing the synthesis of the metal-binding protein metallothionine... 

Volkova NA, Karpliuk IA and Emelianova EV (1995) Study of mutagenic activity of cadmium by the method of dominant lethal mutation. Vopr Pitan 2 24-25. 

Suresh, A., Sivaramakrishna, B., Radhakrishnaiah, K., 1993. Effect of lethal and sublethal concentrtions of cadmium on the eneretics in the gills of fry and fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51,920-926. 

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