Cadmium tolerance

Dhankher, O. P., Sashti, N. A., Rosen, B. P., Fuhrmarm, M., and Meagher, R. B., 2003, Increased cadmium tolerance and accumulation by plants expressing bacterial arsenate reductase, New Phytol. 159 431-441. 

Zhu, Y. L., Pilon-Smits, E. A. H., Tarun, A. S., Weber, S. U., Jouanin, L., and Terry, N., 1999b, Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Indian mustard is enhanced by overexpressing y-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Plant Physiol. 121 1169-1177. 

Ye ZH, Baker AIM, Wong MH, Willis AJ. 1997b. Zinc, lead and cadmium tolerance, uptake and accumulation in Typha latifolia. New Phytologist 136 469-480. 

Delhaize, E., Robinson, N.J. Jackson, P.J. (1989). Effects of cadmium on gene expression in cadmium-tolerant and cadmium-sensitive Datura innoxia cells. Plant Molecular Biology 12, 487-97. 

Postma JF, Mol S, Larsen H, Admiraal W. 1995a. Life-cycle changes and zinc shortage in cadmium tolerant midges, Chrironomus riparius (Diptera), reared in the absence of cadmium. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 117-121. 

Fig. 3-1. The effect of increasing cadmium concentrations on sequential indices of cadmium tolerance for a non-tolerant ( ) and a cadmium-tolerant (+) clone of Holcus lanatus, (from Baker and Walker, 1989).

Table 3-2. Mean indices of cadmium tolerance ( SE) for seedlings of eleven grass species grown from seed collected from populations on soils with low cadmium concentrations, screened at 10 im Cd in full-strength Rorison nutrient solution. The distribution of these species on cadmium-rich soils is also indicated. (Unpublished data of K. Ewart, from Baker and Proctor, 1990).

J. D. Keasling and G. A. Hupf (1996). Genetic manipulation of polyphosphate metabolism affects cadmium tolerance in Escherihia coli. Appl. Erwiroment. Microbiol., 62, 743-746. 

S. Keyhani, J. L. Lopez, D. S. Clark and J. D. Keasling (1996). Intracellular polyphosphate content and cadmium tolerance in Anacystis nidulans R2. Microbios, 88, 105-114. 

Harshman, K.D., Parker, C.S., and Moye-Rowley, W.S. (1994) Transcriptional activation mediated by the yeast AP-1 protein is required for normal cadmium tolerance. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 14690-14697. 

Simple ABO compounds in addition to BaTiO are cadmium titanate [12014-14-17, CdTiO lead titanate [12060-00-3] PbTiO potassium niobate [12030-85-2] KNbO sodium niobate [12034-09-2], NaNbO silver niobate [12309-96-5], AgNbO potassium iodate [7758-05-6], KIO bismuth ferrate [12010-42-3], BiFeO sodium tantalate, NaTaO and lead zirconate [12060-01 -4], PbZrO. The perovskite stmcture is also tolerant of a very wide range of multiple cation substitution on both A and B sites. Thus many more complex compounds have been found (16,17), eg, (K 2 i/2) 3 ... 

These are known as chemically pure (CP) cadmiums. With the development of other uses for cadmium and selenium, costs have risen substantially in recent years. Some cost reduction may be obtained by use of the cadmium Hthopones. These have the same relative shades but have been coprecipitated onto about 60% barium sulfate. The resulting extensions give better money value, if the higher pigment loading can be tolerated, with no loss in properties. 

Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cad) 25+ 1000+ 120+ Low hydrogen emission. Periodic equalizing charge is not required for float service, but is required for recharging to full capacity. High shock tolerance. Can be deep cycled. Least susceptible to temperature. Can remain discharged without damage... 

In conclusion, relative cost and relative behaviour towards different conditions of exposure lead to the use of zinc on parts on which thick films can be tolerated and for general industrial use, and of cadmium for fine-tolerance special applications, such as aircraft and instrument parts, required to withstand conditions include humid and marine atmospheres. 

Navarro E, Robinson CT, Behra R (2008) Increased tolerance to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and cotolerance to cadmium in UVR-acclimatized freshwater periphyton. Limnol Oceanogr 53 1149... 

Gupta A, BA Whitton, AP Morby, JW Huckle, NJ Robinson (1992) Amplification and rearrangement of a prokaryotic metallothionein locus smt in Synechococcus PCC 6301 selected for tolerance to cadmium. Proc Roy Soc (London) SerB 248 273-281. 

Further work at EniTecnologies was conducted with Rhodococcus strains. Rhodococ-cus was selected for its metabolical versatility, easy availability in soils and water, and remarkable solvent tolerance. Its capabilities for catalyzing diverse transformation reactions of crude oils, such as sulfur removal, alkanes and aromatics oxidation and catabolism caught their attention. Hence, genetic tools for the engineering of Rhodococcus strains have been applied to improve its biotransformation performance and its tolerance to certain common contaminants of the crude oil, such as cadmium. The development of active biomolecules led to the isolation and characterization of plasmid vectors and promoters. Strains have been constructed in which the careful over-expression of selected components of the desulfurization pathway leads to the enhancement of the sulfur removal activity in model systems. Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Nocardia were transformed in this way trying to improve their catalytic performance in BDS. In a... 

Gardner [6] has reported a detailed statistical study involving ten laboratories of the determination of cadmium in coastal and estuarine waters by atomic absorption spectrometry. The maximum tolerable error was defined as 0.1 ptg/1 or 20% of sample concentration, whichever is the larger. Many laboratories participating in this work did not achieve the required accuracy for the determination of cadmium in coastal and estuarine water. Failure to meet targets is attributable to both random and systematic errors. 

What is essential in establishing traceability is that the measurand is specified unambiguously. This may be, e.g. in terms of extractable cadmium from soil by using a named acid mix or the concentration of a metal in a particular oxidation state, e.g. Fe(n) or Fe(m). The units used to report the result should also be known and acceptable SI units are preferred. The method used will be validated and if used in accordance with the written procedures should produce results that are fit for purpose . The class of glassware to be used will be specified in the method procedure, e.g. Class A pipettes and volumetric flasks, as these are manufactured to a specified tolerance. Instruments will be regularly calibrated and their performance verified daily. In terms of the chemicals used, these will... 

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