Cadmium hepatotoxicity

Glaser U, Hochrainer D, Otto FJ, Oldiges H (1990) Carcinogenicity and toxicity of four cadmium compounds inhaled by rats. Chem Environ Toxicol 27 153-lfe Goering PL, Klaassen CD (1983) Altered subcellular distribution of cadmium following cadmium pretreatment possible mechanism of tolerance to cadmium-induced lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70 195-203 Goering PL, Klaassen CD (1984) Zinc-induced tolerance to cadmium hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74 299-307... 

Primary hepatocyte cultures have been used as a tool to predict the hepatotoxicity of many compounds such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Castell et ah, 1988), psychotropic drugs (Boelsterli et ah, 1987), immunosuppressant drugs (Boelsterli et ah, 1988), and salicylates (Tolman et ah, 1978). Rat primary hepatocyte cultures have also been shown to be a good model for examining the mechanisms of metallothionein-induced tolerance to cadmium toxicity (Liu et ah,... 

Mixtures of cadmium chloride and chloroform trigger toxic responses in isolated rat hepatocytes at concentrations sufficiently low so as not to produce a hepatotoxic response for either chemical alone. ... 

Coke oven emissions are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, including benzene and polynuclear aromatic compounds heavy metals including arsenic, beryllium, and cadmium and other particulates and vapors. In a study of coking workers in Taiwan, it was found that liver function profiles were altered by exposures to coke oven emissions and that exposure to even low levels of these emissions was hepatotoxic. The authors of the study suggest that the adverse hepatotoxic effects are caused by a mixture of chemicals rather than by any one identifiable speciesJ36 ... 

Cadmium. Selenium can antagonize the nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of cadmium in rats (Flora et al. 1982 Lindh et al. 1996 Nehru and Bansal 1996 Stajn et al. 1997), the inflammation, atrophy, and necrosis induced by cadmium in testes of rats (Jones et al. 1997 Mason and Young 1967 Ohta and Imamiya 1986 Wlodarczyk et al. 1995 Yiin et al. 1999), and the cardiotoxicity of cadmium in rats (Jamall et al. 1989). The protective effects are thought to occur as a result of the formation of a selenium-cadmium complex of high molecular weight (Chen et al. 1975 Jamall et al. 1989 Jamba et al. 1997 Ohta and Imamiya 1986). 

Flora SJS, Behari JR, Asquin M, et al. 1982. Time depending protective effect of selenium against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 42 345-351. 

Waalkes and Klaassen 1985). Data from a study by Goering and Klaassen (1985) suggest that manganese pretreatment increases the amount of Cd bound to metallothionine, thereby decreasing hepatotoxicity due to unbound Cd. The significance of these observations for health effects in humans exposed to cadmium and manganese by the oral or inhalation routes is not clear. 

Goering PL, Klaassen CD. 1985. Mechanism of manganese-induced tolerance to cadmium lethality and hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 34 1371-1379. 

Chronic cadmium toxicity occurs in industrial workers exposed to cadmium fumes. The symptoms are those of nephrotoxicity, bone disease and. to a lesser extent, hepatotoxicity. Renal stone formation may be increased. 

GdClj has been used to study the mechanisms of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity (Badger et al. 1997, Sauer et al. 1997). Since lanthanides have an affinity for reticuloendothelial cells, GdClj injection selectively destroys Kupffer cells (the resident macrophage cell in the liver), and this results in protection of the liver from a number of toxicants hence, a role is suggested for these cells in chemical-mediated hepatotoxicity. The role of Kupffer cells in hepatotoxicity was implicated for those compounds required to undergo biotransformation before eliciting their toxicity (e.g., 1,2-dichlorobenzene and carbon tetrachloride), as well as those chemicals which do not (e.g., cadmium chloride). 

A 52-year-old woman developed severe hepatotoxicity after ingestion of 1 liter per day of tea made from 70 g of dried senna fruit for over 3 years (Vanderperren et al. 2005). High levels of cadmium and mercury were found in the woman s urine, though analysis of the senna product indicated no cadmium or mercury contamination (Vanderperren et al. 2005). 

Rikans, L., and T. Yamano. 2001. Mechanisms of cadmium-mediated acute hepatotoxicity. J. Biochem.Mol. Toxicol. 14(2) 110-117. Sandnes, D., T. Johansen, G. Teien, and G. Ulsaker. 1992. Mutagenicity of crude senna and senna glycosides in Salmonella typhimurium. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 71(3, Pt. 1) 165-172. Seybold, U., N. Landauer, S. Hillebrand, and ED. Goebel. 2004. Senna-induced hepatitis in a poor metabolizer. Ann. Intern. Med. 141(8) 650-651. 

Oleanofic acid, 3P-hydroxyolea-12-en-28-oic acid, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid present in many kinds of medical plants, protected against the acute hepatotoxicity produced by CCI4, acetaminophen and cadmium (Liu et al. 1994). In mouse peritoneal macrophages oleanofic acid upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression to produce nitric oxide (Choi et al. 2001). 

Chan HM, Cherian MG (1992) Protective roles of metallothionein and glutathione in hepatotoxicity of cadmium. Toxicology 72 281-290... 

Dudley RE, Klaassen CD (1984) Changes in hepatic glutathione concentration modify cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 72 530-538 Dudley RE, Svoboda DJ, Klaassen CD (1982) Acute exposure to cadmium causes severe liver injury in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 65 302-313 Dudley RE, Gammal LM, Klaassen CD (1985) Cadmium-induced hepatic and renal injury in chronically exposed rats likely role of hepatic cadmium-metallothionein in nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 414-426 Dunphy B (1967) Acute occupational cadmium poisoning a critical review of the literature. J Occup Med 9 22-26... 

Goering PL, Fisher BR, Kish CL (1993a) Stress protein synthesis induced in rat liver by cadmium precedes hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 122 139-148 Goering PL, Fisher BR, Kimmel CA, Kimmel GL (1993b) Stress proteins as biomarkers of toxicity. In Travis CC (ed) Use of biomarkers in assessing health and environmental impacts of chemical pollutants. Plenum, New York, pp 95-99... 

Staining Applications Calcium ions cadmium ions iron ions lanthanum ions zinc ions cells Biological Applications Calcium indicator cadmium indicator iron indicat or lanthanum indicator zinc indicator identifying taste modulators Industrial Applications Not reported Safety/Toxicity DNA damage hepatotoxicity ... 

---