Subcellular distribution

The ECE isoforms show different subcellular distributions and enzymatic characteristics (Table 2). ECE-la and ECE-lc are mainly expressed at the cell surface, whereas ECE-lb, ECE-Id and ECE-2 are expressed intracellularly. Plasma membrane-bound ECE cleaves big-ET-1 circulating in the blood, whereas intracellular ECE isoforms are involved in the generation of mature endothelins. In addition, ECEs (as well as NEP and the insulin-degrading enzyme) contribute to the degradation of amyloid (3 (A 3) peptide. 

Penninks Seinen (1980) looked at subcellular distribution of dibutyltin in rat liver and thymus cells in vitro. Radioactivity was concentrated in mitochondria and low in cytoplasm in thymus cells, in marked contrast to liver cells, where mitochondrial radioactivity was very low. Differences in cellular distribution have been suggested as a reason for the selective effect on the thymus. 

Livingstone DR, SV Farrar (1984) Tissue and subcellular distribution of enzyme activities of mixed-function oxygenase and benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in the common mussel Mytilis edulis L. Sci Tot Environ 39 209-235. 

Duo S, Lea TC, Stipanuk MH. 1983. Developmental pattern, tissue distribution, and subcellular distribution of cysteine -ketoglutarate aminotransferase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in the rat. Biol Neonat 43 23-32. 

Kukko-Lukjanov, T. K. Panula, P. (2003). Subcellular distribution of histamine, GABA and galanin in tuberomamillary neurons in vitro. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 25, 279-92. 

Cornea-Hebert, V., Riad, M., Wu, C., Singh, S. K. Descarries, L. (1999). Cellular and subcellular distribution of the serotonin 5-UT2A receptor in the central nervous system of adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 409, 187-209. 

Harkness, P., Millar, N. Changes in conformation and subcellular distribution of a4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors revealed by chronic nicotine treatment and expression of subunit chimeras. J. Neurosci. 22 10172, 2002. 

Additional applications of BSOCOES and sulfo-BSOCOES include investigations of the cellular and subcellular distribution of the type II vasopressin receptor (Fenton et al., 2007), TNF-alpha (Grinberg et al., 2005), and studying mechanisms in the control of plasmid replication (Das et al., 2005). 

Fenton, R.A. Brond, L., Nielsen, S., and Praetorius, J. (2007) Cellular and subcellular distribution of the type II vasopressin receptor in kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 10.1152/ajprenal.00316.2006. 

Glacy, S. (1983) Subcellular distribution of rhodamine-actin microinjected into living fibroblastic cells. Cell Biol. 97, 1207. 

The cellular and subcellular distributions of a-subunit isoforms provide clues to their different physiological functions. The four isoforms exhibit about 85% sequence identity. The most substantial differences occur in their N-terminal regions and in an 11-residue sequence of the large cytoplasmic loop. When measured in cell cultures, the isoforms differ in their apparent affinities for intracellular Na+ (al < a2 < a3) [21 ] and extracellular K+ (a3 < a2 = al) [22], In adult tissues, al is the major iso form in... 

The action of catecholamines released at the synapse is modulated by diffusion and reuptake into presynaptic nerve terminals. Catecholamines diffuse from the site of release, interact with receptors and are transported back into the nerve terminal. Some of the catecholamine molecules may be catabolized by MAO and COMT. The cate-cholamine-reuptake process was originally described by Axelrod [18]. He observed that, when radioactive norepinephrine was injected intravenously, it accumulated in tissues in direct proportion to the density of the sympathetic innervation in the tissue. The amine taken up into the tissues was protected from catabolic degradation, and studies of the subcellular distribution of catecholamines showed that they were localized to synaptic vesicles. Ablation of the sympathetic input to organs abolished the ability of vesicles to accumulate and store radioactive norepinephrine. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this Na+- and Cl -dependent uptake process is a characteristic feature of catecholamine-containing neurons in both the periphery and the brain (Table 12-2). 

Protein kinases differ in their cellular and subcellular distribution, substrate specificity and regulation 394... 

Protein kinases differ in their cellular and subcellular distribution, substrate specificity and regulation. These properties determine the functional roles played by the very large number of protein kinases that have been found in mammalian tissues, most of which are known to be expressed in neurons [3]. The major classes of protein serine-threonine kinase in the brain, listed in Table 23-1, are covered in this chapter. The major classes of protein tyrosine kinases in the brain are discussed in Chapter 24. 

Akner G, Wikstrom AC, Gustafsson JA (1995) Subcellular distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor and evidence for its association with microtubules J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 52 1... 

Also, RU 58668 modifies the subcellular distribution of ER, appearing as clusters in the perinuclear region of cytoplasm, without association to specific cellular structures. This means that after RU 58668 treatment, ER is sequestered in the cytoplasm associated to short half-life proteins (probably induced by RU 58668 treatment) that impede its entry into the nucleus (Devin-Leclerc et al. 1998). 

Benke, D., Honer, M., Michel, C., Bettler, B., and Mohler, H. (1999) Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor splice variant proteins GBRla and GBRlb are both associated with GBR2 in situ and display differential regional and subcellular distribution../. Biol. Chem. 

There are a variety of structural classes of compounds that are active against each phosphodiesterase, and evidence suggests that selective inhibitors of PDEs can be identified. The structural diversity of PDE inhibitors provides a multitude of opportunities for development of compounds with drug-like properties. Furthermore, phosphodiesterase inhibition, which avoids direct interaction of a compound with a cell surface or nuclear receptor, may circumvent some of the target selectivity issues that can complicate receptor-based therapeutic approaches. As noted above, the specific subcellular distribution of phosphodiesterase enzymes is a key feature of their ability to modulate intracellular signaling pathways. This localization of the enzyme may minimize non-specific target... 

For biological assays, lipidated peptides embodying a fluorescent label like the bimanyl- and the NBD-group, are required for determining membrane binding or subcellular distribution by fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Also, attachment of a biotin group allows research-... 

Mercuric chloride is a potent nephrotoxicant in the adult rat, but has little effect on the newborn [222], There are significant maturational changes in organ, cellular and subcellular distribution of mercury during the first 4 weeks after birth. With increasing age, mercury is redistributed from the renal cytosolic fraction to the nuclear/mitochondrial fraction, where it may be more damaging. 

Once in the serum, aluminium can be transported bound to transferrin, and also to albumin and low-molecular ligands such as citrate. However, the transferrrin-aluminium complex will be able to enter cells via the transferrin-transferrin-receptor pathway (see Chapter 8). Within the acidic environment of the endosome, we assume that aluminium would be released from transferrin, but how it exits from this compartment remains unknown. Once in the cytosol of the cell, aluminium is unlikely to be readily incorporated into the iron storage protein ferritin, since this requires redox cycling between Fe2+ and Fe3+ (see Chapter 19). Studies of the subcellular distribution of aluminium in various cell lines and animal models have shown that the majority accumulates in the mitochondria, where it can interfere with calcium homeostasis. Once in the circulation, there seems little doubt that aluminium can cross the blood-brain barrier. 

Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Maduh EU, et al. 1994. Cyanide-induced lipid peroxidation in different organs subcellular distribution and hydroperoxide generation in neuronal cells. Toxicology 89(2)... 

Khachatrian, L., Rubins, J. B., Manning, E. C., Dexter, D., Tauber, A. I., Dickey, B. F. (1990). Subcellular distribution and characterization of GTP-binding proteins in human neutrophils. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1054, 237-45. 

Quinn, M. T., Mullen, M. L., Jesaitis, A. J., Linner, J. G. (1992). Subcellular distribution of the rapl A protein in human neutrophils Colocalization and cotranslation with cytochrome b. Blood 79, 1563-73. 

Hoskins B, Ho IK. 1982. Chlordecone-induced alterations in content and subcellular distribution of calcium in mouse brain. J Toxicol Environ Health 9 535-544. 

Nielsen S, King LS, Christensen BM, Agre P (1997) Aquaporins in complex tissues. II. Subcellular distribution in respiratory and glandular tissues of rat. Am J Physiol 273(5 Pt 1) C1549-C1561... 

Saitou M, ando-Akatsuka Y, Itoh M, Furuse M, Inazawa J, Fujimoto K, and Tsukita, S [1997] Mammalian occludin in epithelial cells its expression and subcellular distribution. Eur J Cell Biol 73 222-231... 

Regulation of the Proteasome by Induction and Phosphorylation of Subunits and Subcellular Distribution... 

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