Tobacco smoke products

Cigarette manufacturers likewise demonstrated in internal research that sensory perceptions are unique for younger and beginner smokers due to low tolerance for irritation and an undeveloped taste for tobacco smoke. Products were tailored to presmokers or learners with bland, soft, moist mouth-feel, and minimal irritancy,... 

Wallace. The influence of cigarette tobacco smoke products on the immune response. The cellular basis of immunosuppression by a water-soluble condensate of tobacco smoke. Immunology 1980 40(4) 621-627. 

Besides the indoor air pollution caused by residential energy consumption, decorating and refurbishing materials, and building materials, indoor air pollutants also come from other sources, such as environmental tobacco smoking, products for household cleaning and maintenance, human metabolism, and outdoor contaminated air, as in any other country. See other chapters of this volume for discussions of the characteristics of indoor air pollution caused by these sources. 

From their study of the pyrogenesis of acrolein (prope-nal) from glycerol, Doihara et al. (1023) and others deduced that a tobacco smoking product that contains glycerol as a... 

Wynder and Hoffmann (4337) discussed the conversion of the glycerol, used as a humectant in tobacco smoking products, to acrolein (propenal) during the smoking process. 

Table lV.B-6 lists the tobacco and/or smoke amino acids that, according to the Doull et al. listing (1053), are or have been used recently as components in flavor formulations for tobacco. In their tabulation of possible fla-vorants for tobacco smoking products, Leffingwell et al. (2341) listed the contributions to tobacco smoke taste and aroma of twenty-three amino acids added individually to cigarette tobacco filler. 

Many flavoring materials have been proposed for use as flavoring materials in tobacco smoking products. Leffingwell et al. (2341) reported that these range from individual chemical compounds to a variety of natural herbs, essential oils, and extracts. Many of the proposed flavoring additives for tobacco smoking products have been included in commercial... 

The F-8 components that Severson et al. in their pyrolysis studies demonstrated to have a low propensity to yield PAHs on pyrolysis are similar both structurally and property-wise (molecular weight, volatility) to some of the compounds used in top dressing formulations for tobacco smoking products [see tabulations in Doull et al. (1053), Lefhngwell et al. (2341)]. Presumably, top dressing components applied to tobacco products on pyrolysis would behave similarly during pyrolysis to the F-8 oxygenated tobacco components described by Severson et al. [see pp. 284-285 in (3616)]. 

Lyons, M.J. Tobacco smoke products. Assay for polycyclic hydrocarbons Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp., Ann. Rpt. 33 (1955) 277-278. 

A large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known Many have been synthesized m the laboratory and several of the others are products of com bustion Benzo[a]pyrene for example is present m tobacco smoke contaminates food cooked on barbecue grills and collects m the soot of chimneys Benzo[a]pyrene is a carcinogen (a cancer causing substance) It is converted m the liver to an epoxy diol that can induce mutations leading to the uncontrolled growth of certain cells... 

Smoke - Smoke constitutes fine, solid, gasbome matters that are products of incomplete combustion of organics (wood, coal, tobacco). Smoke particles are extremely small, ranging in size from less than 0.01 /im to 1 /im. 

Tobacco and its alkaloids have long ceased to have any therapeutic importance, but their extensive use as insecticides and the demand for nicotine for the manufacture of nicotinic acid have stimulated interest in processes of extraction and methods of estimation. On the latter subject there is a voluminous literature, of which critical resumes have been published by various authors.Recent work on this subject has been specially concerned with (1) the development of miero- and semi-miero-methods suitable for estimating nieotine in tobacco smoke and the distribution of nieotine on sprayed garden produce, in treated soils and in tobaeeo leaves,(2) the study of conditions necessary to ensure satisfactory results in using particular processes, " and (3) methods of separation and estimation of nicotine, nomicotine and anabasine in mixtures of these bases. ) In the United States and in Russia considerable interest is being shown in the cultivation of types of tobacco rich in nicotine, in finding new industrial uses for tobacco and its alkaloids, and in possible by-products from tobacco plants such as citric and malic acids, i " Surveys of information on tobacco alkaloids have been published by Jackson, i Marion and Spath and Kuffner. ... 

The number of clear human epidemiologic studies is small. A total of approximately 50 compounds (c.g., benzene, vinyl chloride) and complex e.xposures (e.g., aluminum production, tobacco smoke) have sufficient data available to permit their classification as human carcinogens. The most potent human carcinogens known, the aflatoxins. are of natural origin. Their presence in food products through infestation by toxin-producing fungi constitute a serious problem in several tropical and subtropical countries. 

VOCs are emitted indoors by building materials (e.g., paints, pressed wood products, adhesives, etc.), equipment (photocopying machines, printers, etc.), cleaning products, stored fuels and automotive products, hobby supplies, and combustion activities (cooking, unvented space heating, tobacco smoking, indoor vehicle use). 

Chopra NM, Campbell BS, Hurley JC. 1978. Systematic studies on the breakdown of endosulfan in tobacco smokes Isolation and identification of the degradation products from the pyrolysis of endosulfan I in a nitrogen atmosphere. J Agric Food Chem 26 255-258. 

The involvement of tobacco smoke carcinogens in the aetiology of lung cancer is conclusively established, but the role of specific chemical carcinogens as inducers of colorectal cancer is much less clear. Mutagenic pyrolysis products derived from cooked food have come under suspicion as possible... 

Precursors and Formation. Tobaccos used for commercial products in the U.S.A, contain between 0,5 and 2,7% alkaloids. Nicotine constitutes 85-95% of the total alkaloids (14,26,27). Important minor alkaloids are nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine, cotinine and N -formylnornicotine (Figure 6), Several of these alkaloids are secondary and tertiary amines and, as such, amenable to N-nitrosation. The N-nitrosated alkaloids identified to date in tobacco and tobacco smoke include N -nitrosonornico-tine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (NNK) and N -nitrosoanatabine (NAT Figure 7). In model experiments, nitrosation of nicotine also yielded 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal (NNA 28). 

Brunnemann, K.D. Hoffmann, D. Assessment of the Carcinogenic N-Nitrosodiethanolamine in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke. Submitted. 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

In general, biotransformation reactions are beneficial in that they facilitate the elimination of xenobiotics from pulmonary tissues. Sometimes, however, the enzymes convert a harmless substance into a reactive form. For example, CYP-mediated oxidation often results in the generation of more reactive intermediates. Thus, many compounds that elicit toxic injury to the lung are not intrinsically pneumotoxic but cause damage to target cells following metabolic activation. A classic example of this is the activation of benzo(a)pyrene, which is a constituent of tobacco smoke and combustion products, and is... 

Exposure to phenol through inhalation is a less probable route than oral and dermal. It is known that both cigarettes and cigars contain small amounts (19-140 g) of phenol (IARC 1986 NCI 1998), and smoking these products indoors produces a measurable amount of phenol (Guerin et al. 1982). If children are present in indoor environments polluted with tobacco smoke, they may be exposed to low levels of phenol. 

Some chemical mixtures Tobacco smoke Smokeless tobacco products Soots, tars, mineral oils ... 

---