Pulmonary tissue

E. Agents which damage the Inng Chemicals which irritate or damage the pulmonary tissue ... 

Phagocyte-derived ROMs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of pulmonary diseases, including emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and various environmental diseases such as asbestos-related fibrosis and cancer (Mossman and Marsh, 1985). The relatively high oxygen tension in pulmonary tissue renders the lung prone to oxidative stress (Edwards and Lloyd, 1988). 

The question of particulate matter is also of great importance. Although the total effect of particulate inclusion in the anterior chamber is not completely known, some possible results have been postulated [82]. Certain amounts of iritis and uveitis might be expected, as well as the production of granulomas similar to the type reported for pulmonary tissue that... 

The regional distribution of the DNA adducts in the respiratory tract of diesel exhaust-exposed rats appears to agree with the known deposition pattern of submicron particles, with the highest concentration of adducts in the nasal and the pulmonary tissue (Figure 7) (Bond et al. In Assessment of Inhalation Hazards Integration and Extrapolation Using Diverse Data. 1989, in press). 

Kroll F, Karlsson J-A, Nilsson E, Ryrfeldt A, Persson CGA (1990) Rapid clearance of xanthines from airway and pulmonary tissues. Am Rev Respir Dis 141 1167-1171. 

In general, biotransformation reactions are beneficial in that they facilitate the elimination of xenobiotics from pulmonary tissues. Sometimes, however, the enzymes convert a harmless substance into a reactive form. For example, CYP-mediated oxidation often results in the generation of more reactive intermediates. Thus, many compounds that elicit toxic injury to the lung are not intrinsically pneumotoxic but cause damage to target cells following metabolic activation. A classic example of this is the activation of benzo(a)pyrene, which is a constituent of tobacco smoke and combustion products, and is... 

Hukkanen J, Pelkonen O, Raunio H (2001) Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in human pulmonary tissue possible role in susceptibility for ILD. Eur Respir J Suppl 32 122s-l26s... 

Raithel HJ, Schaller KH, Akslen LA, et al. 1989. Analyses of chromium and nickel in human pulmonary tissue. Investigations in lung cancer patients and a control population under special consideration of medical expertise aspects. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 61 507-512. 

NT162 Matulionis, D. H. Pulmonary tissue and cigarette smoke. 2. Parenchymal response. Environ Res 1983 31(1) 176-188. 

Csanady, G.A., Guengerich, F.P. Bond, J. A. (1992) Comparison of the biotransformation of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolite, butadiene monoepoxide, by hepatic and pulmonary tissues from humans, rats and mice. Carcinogenesis, 13, 1143-1153... 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in concert with x-ray energy spectrometry (XES) has been used to detect silver in pulmonary, lacrimal sac, and skin tissues of individuals with diffuse interstitial lung disease, chronic dacryocystitis, and skin disorders, respectively (Brody et al. 1978 Loeffler and Lee 1987 Tanita et al. 1985). Brody et al. (1978) observed particles of preselected lesions of human pulmonary tissue magnified to 300x by SEM, and the silver content was analyzed by XES. The authors noted that SEM and XES techniques permit a rapid and conclusive determination of silver, silver compounds, and complexes in tissue lesions. 

Adverse Effects. Ribavirin produces relatively few adverse effects when administered by inhalation. Most of the drug s action is confined to local pulmonary tissues, and severe systemic effects are rare. One adverse effect that may occur is local irritation of the eyes (conjunctivitis), due to the direct contact of aerosol with the eyes. This occurrence may be a problem if the drug is administered via some sort of hood or tent that encloses the patient s entire head. 

Raithel HJ, Ebner G, Schaller KH. 1987. Problems in establishing norm values for nickel and chromium concentrations in human pulmonary tissue. Am J Ind Med 12 55-70. 

In the Arizona milkshed the level of pesticide in milk fluctuated on a seasonal cycle with a low of about 1.0 p.p.m. of pesticide in the milk fat in the spring and early summer months and a high of 3.0 to 3.5 p.p.m. in the late fall and early winter months. The rise during the fall and winter was eliminated by a moratorium on the use of DDT. Careful checking of all conceivable sources of DDT on a dairy farm with a high pesticide level did not account for the high level of pesticide secreted in the milk. Respiratory exposure studies showed that pulmonary tissues are not uniquely efficient in their absorption of DDT and thus should not contribute appreciably to the over-all secretory picture. 

Lung irritants cause irritation or damage to pulmonary tissue. 

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