Tick-borne

Borrelia recurrentis causes a relapsing fever in humans. Borrelia vincenti is the cause of Vincent s angina in humans, an ulcerative condition of the mouth and gums. Borrelia burgdorferi is the causal organism of the tick-borne Lyme disease. 

Viral vaccines less generally available than those listed in die table include Congo Crimean haemorrhagic fever vaccine, dengue fever vaccine, Japanese encephalitis B vaccine, smallpox vaccine, tick borne encephalitis vaccine, and Venezuelan encephalitis vaccine. 

Whilst not recommended for routine administration, vaeoines additional to those represented in the juvenile programme are available for individuals in special risk categories. These categories relate to oeeupational risks or risks associated with travel abroad. Such immunization protocols include those directed against cholera, typhoid, meningitis (types A, C), anthrax, hepatitis A and B, influenza, Japanese encephahtis, rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Psittacosis, Q fever, plague, diphtheria, tick-borne diseases, mycotic infections. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Scarlet fever, cellulitis, cat scratch disease, gas gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis, tick-borne diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, pneumonia, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, salmonella infection, other tick-borne diseases, rickettsial infections, leukemia, lupus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Other tick-borne encephalitis, influenza, poliomyelitis. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, rinderpest, bluetongue, foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, pneumonic pas-teurellosis, photosensitive dermatitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, theileriosis, rabies, and the tick-borne encephalitides. 

Tick-borne Encephalitis Fact Sheet." Undated. 

Antibodies raised against venom of various spiders Specificity against toxin of Clostridium tetani Specificity against toxin of C. tetani Antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus Specificity for causative agent of chicken pox... 

Despite the protective effect of NO against various viral infections, workers in several studies have shown a harmful role of NO in many systems. NO seems to play a part in the development of pneumonia caused by influenza virus [128], in the pathogenesis in mice of tick-borne encephalitis flavivirus infection [131], and in worsening the course of the murine myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 [132]. In addition, pneumonia in mice induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 could be suppressed by the inhibitor of iNOS [133]. The issue of whether NO acts as an inhibitor of viral replication or as a harmful agent, therefore, remains unanswered. This issue is particularly evident in HIV-1 infection, since NO seems to act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. 

Tick-borne encephalitis immunoglobulin Human Antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus... 

Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle and sheep. The parasites are intracorpuscular but, unlike in babesiosis, the blood cells are not destroyed. The major symptoms are those of toxaemia and once the parasite has invaded the blood, there is high, rapid mortality. 

Flaviviruses are included among the enveloped viruses recently reported as dependent on cell surface HS to efficiently initiate cell infection. An involvement of HS during attachment and entry through its binding to the virion envelope glycoprotein E was initially demonstrated for DENV [82] and then extended to YFV [83], tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) [84], and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) [85], as well as to hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Hepacivirus genus of Flaviviridae [86]. 

Edlow, J. A. (2001). Tick-borne diseases, tularemia. eMedicine Journal, 2. Retrieved http //www.emedicine.com/emerg/ topicS91.htm... 

Although there are mechanistic differences between retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, and the orthomyxovirus influenza, the viruses discussed to this point have definite structural and functional similarities including spikelike, trimeric native structures and the presence of coiled coils in their fusion-active subunits. The flaviviruses and alphaviruses, however, appear to be another class of enveloped viruses entirely. Flaviviruses include yellow fever. West Nile virus. Dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Alphaviruses, of the togavirus family, include... 

Allison, S. L., Schalich.J., Stiasny, K., Mandl, C. W., Kunz, C., and Heinz, F. X. (1995). Oligomeric rearrangement of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins induced by an acidic pH./ Virol. 69, 695-700. 

Corver, J., Ortiz, A., Allison, S. L., Schalich, J., Heinz, F. X., and Wilschut, J. (2000). Membrane fusion activity of tick-borne encephalitis virus and recombinant subviral particles in a liposomal model system. Virology 269, 37-46. 

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