Tick-born encephalitis

Viral vaccines less generally available than those listed in die table include Congo Crimean haemorrhagic fever vaccine, dengue fever vaccine, Japanese encephalitis B vaccine, smallpox vaccine, tick borne encephalitis vaccine, and Venezuelan encephalitis vaccine. 

Whilst not recommended for routine administration, vaeoines additional to those represented in the juvenile programme are available for individuals in special risk categories. These categories relate to oeeupational risks or risks associated with travel abroad. Such immunization protocols include those directed against cholera, typhoid, meningitis (types A, C), anthrax, hepatitis A and B, influenza, Japanese encephahtis, rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Other tick-borne encephalitis, influenza, poliomyelitis. 

Tick-borne Encephalitis Fact Sheet." Undated. 

Antibodies raised against venom of various spiders Specificity against toxin of Clostridium tetani Specificity against toxin of C. tetani Antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus Specificity for causative agent of chicken pox... 

Despite the protective effect of NO against various viral infections, workers in several studies have shown a harmful role of NO in many systems. NO seems to play a part in the development of pneumonia caused by influenza virus [128], in the pathogenesis in mice of tick-borne encephalitis flavivirus infection [131], and in worsening the course of the murine myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 [132]. In addition, pneumonia in mice induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 could be suppressed by the inhibitor of iNOS [133]. The issue of whether NO acts as an inhibitor of viral replication or as a harmful agent, therefore, remains unanswered. This issue is particularly evident in HIV-1 infection, since NO seems to act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. 

Tick-borne encephalitis immunoglobulin Human Antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus... 

Flaviviruses are included among the enveloped viruses recently reported as dependent on cell surface HS to efficiently initiate cell infection. An involvement of HS during attachment and entry through its binding to the virion envelope glycoprotein E was initially demonstrated for DENV [82] and then extended to YFV [83], tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) [84], and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) [85], as well as to hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Hepacivirus genus of Flaviviridae [86]. 

Although there are mechanistic differences between retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, and the orthomyxovirus influenza, the viruses discussed to this point have definite structural and functional similarities including spikelike, trimeric native structures and the presence of coiled coils in their fusion-active subunits. The flaviviruses and alphaviruses, however, appear to be another class of enveloped viruses entirely. Flaviviruses include yellow fever. West Nile virus. Dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Alphaviruses, of the togavirus family, include... 

Allison, S. L., Schalich.J., Stiasny, K., Mandl, C. W., Kunz, C., and Heinz, F. X. (1995). Oligomeric rearrangement of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins induced by an acidic pH./ Virol. 69, 695-700. 

Corver, J., Ortiz, A., Allison, S. L., Schalich, J., Heinz, F. X., and Wilschut, J. (2000). Membrane fusion activity of tick-borne encephalitis virus and recombinant subviral particles in a liposomal model system. Virology 269, 37-46. 

Chapman and Liljas, Fig. 7. The structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus glycoprotein E (Rey et al, 1995). The color scheme is blue to red from the N terminus to the C terminus. Domain 3 is also shown in Fig. 3b. 

Kuhn and Strauss, Fig. 2. Comparison of the backbone structures of SFV El with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) E. Ribbon diagrams have domain 1 colored red, domain 11 yellow, and domain 111 blue. The fusion peptides are colored green. The N and C termini are labeled N and C, respectively. 

Tick-borne Encephalitis Viruses (TBE) has been recognized in nearly all countries within continental Europe (Burke and Monath, 2001). Seventeen antigenically related viruses com-... 

Holzmann H, Utter G, Norrby E, Mandl CW, Kunz C, Heinz FX (1993) Assessment of the antigenic structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus by the use of synthetic peptides. J Gen Virol 74 2031-2035. 

Positive merthiolate tests were found in eight of 30 patients with suspected adverse reactions to tetanus or tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (local inflammatory reactions at the injection site, fever, lymphadenopathy, urticarial or lichenoid exanthemas) (1). 

Lindemayr H, Drobil M, Ebner H. Impfreaktionen nach Tetanus- und Fruhsommer-meningoenzephalitisschutzimp-fung durch Merthiolat (Thiomersal). [Reactions to vaccinations against tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis caused by merthiolate (thiomersal).] Hautarzt 1984 35(4) 192-6. 

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