West Nile virus

The 2 -C-methyl-substituted ribonucleosides 2 -C-methyladenosine and -guanosine were also found to inhibit the replication of flaviviruses other than HCV, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus (Mighaccio et al. 2003). Other 2 -C-methylribonucleosides such as P-D-2 -deoxy-2 -lluoro-2 -C-methylcytidine (PSl-6130), however, showed little if any activity against BVDV, West Nile virus, or yellow fever virus (Stuyver et al. 2006). 

Cheeran MC, Hu S, Sheng WS, Rashid A, Peterson PK, Lokensgard JR (2005) Differential responses of human brain cells to West Nile virus infection. J Neurovirol 11 512-524 Cudrici C, Ito T, Zafranskaia E, Niculescu F, Mullen KM, Vlaicu S, Judge SI, Calabresi PA, Rus H (2007) Dendritic cells are abundant in non-lesional gray matter in multiple sclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 83 198-206... 

Franklin RJ (2002) Why does remyehnation fail in multiple sclerosis Nat Rev Neurosci 3 705-714 Fratkin JD, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Slavinski SA, Geiss RW (2004) Spinal cord neuropathology in human West Nile virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128 533-537 Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS (2006) Multiple sclerosis - the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 354 942-955... 

Glass WG, Lane TE (2003b) Functional expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 on CD4(-l-) T cells during virus-induced central nervous system disease. J Virol 77 191-198 Glass WG, Lim JK, Cholera R, Pletnev AG, Gao JL, Murphy PM (2005) Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection. J Exp Med 202 1087-1098... 

Glass WG, McDermott DH, Lim JK, Lekhong S, Yu SF, Frank WA, Pape J, Cheshier RC, Murphy PM (2006) CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. J Exp Med 203 35-40... 

Hunsperger EA, Roehrig JT (2006) Temporal analyses of the neuropathogenesis of a West Nile virus infection in mice. J Neurovirol 12 129-139 Huseby ES, Liggitt D, Brabb T, Schnabel B, Ohlen C, Goverman J (2001) A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8(-I-) T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 194 669-676... 

McCandless EE, Zhang B, Diamond MS, Klein RS (2008b) CXCR4 antagonism increases T cell trafficking in the central nervous system and improves survival from West Nile virus encephalitis. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA... 

Shrestha B, Wang T, Samuel MA, Whitby K, Craft J, Fikrig E, Diamond MS (2006) Gamma interferon plays a crucial early antiviral role in protection against West Nile virus infection. J Virol... 

Wang T, Scully E, Yin Z, Kim JH, Wang S, Yan J, Mamula M, Anderson JF, Craft J, Fikrig E (2003a) IFN-gamma-producing gamma delta T cells help control murine West Nile virus infection. J Immunol 171 2524-2531... 

In the United States in recent years several diseases with animal hosts are now infecting humans. The Arena virus has as its host certain desert rodents. Rodent droppings when dry and airborne as dust particles infect humans, often with lethal consequences. The West Nile virus appeared in the United States in 1999. Birds carry this virus, and mosquitoes are the vector to humans. In 1999 the virus was localized in the New York City area. By 2000 it has spread across New York State and into New Jersey and Massachusetts. The West Nile virus is especially lethal when it infects children, the elderly, or those with a compromised immune system. 

Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances West Nile Virus. July 14, 2003. 

On March 20, 2003, a package containing the West Nile virus exploded in a Federal Express building in Columbus, Ohio, exposing workers to the possible infection and causing offices to be evacuated. 

Westheimer, Frank, 16 727, 741 Westinghouse AP600 reactor, 17 595 Westinghouse Bettis Laboratory, 17 573 Westinghouse Model 412 pressurized water reactor, 17 574-577 West Nile encephalitis, 14 338 West Nile virus (WNV), 3 135, 137 antiviral therapy, 3 165-168 infection process, 3 164-165 Weston cell, 15 750 Wet adhesion... 

AVI-4020 West Nile virus West Nile virus Phase I... 

Kajaste-Rudnitski, A., Mashimo, T., ErenMel, M. P., Guenet, J. L., Lucas, M., and Despres, P. (2006) The 2, 5"-oligoadenylate synthetase lb is a potent inhibitor of West Nile virus replication inside infected cells. J. Biol.Chem. 281, 4624-4637. 

Mashimo, T., Lucas, M., Simon-Chazottes, D., et al. (2002) A nonsense mutation in the gene encoding 2, 5 -oligoadenylate synthetase/Ll isoform is associated with West Nile virus susceptibility in laboratory mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 11311-11316. 

We experience pandemics of inflnenza these originate at some specific location but spread worldwide. In the United States, there are freqnent reports of cases of exotic viral diseases (e.g., Ebola virns, West Nile virus, and Hantavirns infections) that had their origins far from our shores. We are all in this together. 

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of influenza A or B and west Nile virus... 

The majority of currently accepted applications of PDT are in the medical area. MB has been widely used by several European blood transfusion services for the decontamination of blood plasma. Ready-to-use reagents and automatic systems are commercially available for photodynamic plasma disinfection from Baxter Healthcare and Maco Pharma (UK). It has been shovm previously that the PDT of plasma is particularly effective in the inactivation of enveloped viruses such as HIV, influenza, herpes simplex. West Nile virus, and others (Williamson et al., 2003). 

Monath, T.P., Prospects for development of a vaccine against the West Nile virus. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2001. 951 1-12. 

Intravenous ribavirin decreases mortality in patients with Lassa fever and other viral hemorrhagic fevers if started early. High concentrations inhibit West Nile virus in vitro, but clinical data are lacking. Clinical benefit has been reported in cases of severe measles pneumonitis and certain encephalitides, and continuous infusion of ribavirin has decreased virus shedding in several patients with severe lower respiratory tract influenza or parainfluenza infections. At steady state, cerebrospinal fluid levels are about 70% of those in plasma. 

The threat of West Nile virus has led government agencies to recommend the use of DEET repellents. West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that is common in Africa, west Asia, and the Middle East it was first detected in North America in 1999. 

People infected usually experience only mild flulike symptoms, but West Nile virus can result in life-threatening encephalitis or meningitis. DEET is the most popular pesticide used as a repellent for humans, with several hundred products containing DEET available in the United States. Because it is a pesticide, products containing DEET are required to be labeled with information concerning the method of application, directions for medical attention, list special precautions for children, and the percent DEET in the product. DEET is still available at 100% strength in the United States, but Canada bans formulation that are more than 30% and various groups have recommended that this standard be used in the United States. 

Based on the previous work of this group on the three-component aza[4+2]/ allylboration strategy to construct polysubstituted piperidines [62], Gao and Hall developed a catalytic enantioselective version [63] of the corresponding oxygeneous process to construct a-hydroxyalkylated pyrans from 3-boronoacrolein [64], This recent variant of a Vaultier-Lallemand one-pot three-component reaction (see Scheme 12.14) was successfully applied to a concise total synthesis of (5R,6S)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide 128 (Scheme 12.20), the oviposition attractant pheromone of the female Culex mosquito [65] capable of transmitting the West Nile virus. 

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