Relapsing fever

Borrelia recurrentis causes a relapsing fever in humans. Borrelia vincenti is the cause of Vincent s angina in humans, an ulcerative condition of the mouth and gums. Borrelia burgdorferi is the causal organism of the tick-borne Lyme disease. 

Diseases which will probably be subject to control by insecticides but have not yet been adequately tested include sandfly fever, dengue, urban yellow fever, bartonellosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, filariasis, trench fever, and louse-born relapsing fever. Some of the virus encephalitides. sleeping sickness, and visceral leishmaniasis may also be susceptible of control. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Hepatitis, Legionnaires disease, myocarditis, pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, pneumonia, ehrlichiosis, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and tularemia. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Acanthamoeba, louse-borne relapsing fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, hemorrhagic fevers, leptospirosis, malaria, typhoid fever, typhus, liver failure, and hepatitis. 

Acetarsol An organic arsenic compound, being therapeutically active when administered orally, that might be of value in the treatment of spirochaetal or protozoal diseases, for instance syphilis, yaws, relapsing fever, sleeping sickness and amoebic dysentiy. 

The tetracyclines are still the drugs of choice for treatment of cholera, diseases caused by Rickettsia and Coxiella, granuloma inguinale, relapsing fever, the chlamydial diseases (trachoma, lymphogranuloma... 

Miscellaneous infections caused by susceptible strains of bacteria causing psittacosis, cholera, melioidosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, bartonellosis, plague, tularemia, Campylobacter fetus infection, rickettsial infections including typhus and Q fever, relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis and actinomycosis in penicillin allergic patients. 

W8. Warrell, D. A., Perine, P. L., Krause, D. W., Bing, D. H., and McDougal, J. S., Pathophysiology and immunology of the Jarisch-Herxeimer-like reaction in louse-borne relapsing fever Comparison of tetracycline and slow-release penicillin. J. Infect. Dis. 147, 898-909 (1983). 

The African Region is the WHO Region with the highest burden of tropical diseases. It is estimated that 80-90% of total clinical malaria cases (300-500 million) and malaria-related deaths (1.5-2.7 million) occur in Africa and about 55 million people are at risk of human African trypanosomiasis. Plague remains a public health problem in several countries, with around 1000 cases and 100 deaths yearly, and several countries in Central and Eastern Africa experience a high prevalence of onchocerciasis. Schistosomiasis and relapsing fever also add to the burden of tropical diseases, although they are endemic in more limited areas. 

Negussie Y, Remick DG, DeForge LE, Kunkel SL, Eynon A, Griffin GE. Detection of plasma tumor necrosis factor, interleukins 6, and 8 during the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction of relapsing fever. J Exp Med 1992 175(5) 1207-12. 

Perine PL, Teklu B. Antibiotic treatment of louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia a report of 377 cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983 32(5) 1096-100. 

Webster G, Schiffman ID, Dosanjh AS, Amieva MR, Gans HA, Sectish TC. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction associated with ciprofloxacin administration for tick-borne relapsing fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002 21(6) 571-3. 

The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is common in patients treated with tetracyclines for louse-borne relapsing fever (43). Two forms of reaction are described at the start of tetracycline therapy (a) fever, rigor, increased respiratory and heart rates, and occasional delirium and coma (44) (b) fever and disseminated intravascular coagulation (45). At about the time the temperature reaches its peak, spirochetes disappear from the peripheral blood (44). Meptazinol, a partial opioid antagonist, reduces the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in relapsing fever (46). 

Bleeding with thrombocytopenia and signs of intravascular coagulation in patients treated for louse-borne relapsing fever may be due to a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction mediated by the release of endotoxins from disintegrating spirochetes (43). 

Zein ZA. Louse borne relapsing fever (LBRF) mortality and frequency of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. J R Soc Health 1987 107(4) 146-7. 

Bryceson AD, Parry EH, Perine PL, Warrell DA, Vukotich D, Leithead CS. Louse-borne relapsing fever. Q J Med 1970 39(153) 129-70. 

Perine PL, Kidan TG, Warrell DA, Bryceson AD, Parry EH. Bleeding in louse-borne relapsing fever. II. Fibrinolysis following treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1971 65(6) 782-7. 

Teklu B, Habte-Michael A, Warrell DA, White NJ, Wright DJ. Meptazinol diminishes the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction of relapsing fever. Lancet 1983 l(8329) 835-9. 

The differential diagnosis in most areas of the world has malaria at the top of the list. However, the presence of parasitemia in patients partially immune to malaria does not prove that malaria is the cause of the symptoms (48). Other confounding infections include typhoid fever, rickettsial and leptospiral diseases, nontyphoidal salmonellosis, shigellosis, relapsing fever, fulminant hepatitis, and meningococ-cemia. In patients with DIG, the differential diagnosis includes acute leukemia, lupus erythematosus, idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome (48). 

Antiperiodic- an agent used for preventing relapsing fever. 

Recurrent Fever Red Gas Red No. 1 Red Star Red Tide Toxins Relapsing Fever Rescue Squad Resistox Resitox Resitox 794 Reston Virus... 

Agent Index A328 Class Index C25 Relapsing Fever Borrelia recurrentis Type Bacteria Periods of fever (lasting 2 to 9 days) followed by periods without fever (lasting 2 to 4 days). The number of cycles varies from 1 to 10. Routes Vector (Lice, Ticks) Secondary Hazards Vector Cycle (Lice) Fomites containing vectors Incubation 5 to 15 days Mortality Rate < 10% Reservoir Humans, Ticks Direct Person-to-Person Transmission does not occur. 

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