Immunization protocol

Whilst not recommended for routine administration, vaeoines additional to those represented in the juvenile programme are available for individuals in special risk categories. These categories relate to oeeupational risks or risks associated with travel abroad. Such immunization protocols include those directed against cholera, typhoid, meningitis (types A, C), anthrax, hepatitis A and B, influenza, Japanese encephahtis, rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever. 

Raghuvanshi RS, Katare YK, Lalwani K et al (2002) Improved immune response from biodegradable polymer particles entrapping tetanus toxoid by use of different immunization protocol and adjuvants. Int J Pharm 245 109-121... 

Raghuvanshi, R.S. et al., Improved Immune Response from Biodegradable Polymer Particles Entrapping Tetanus Toxoid by Use of Different Immunization Protocol and Adjuvants, International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 245, 109, 2002. 

The following instructions assume the use of a tetanus vaccine, here tetanus toxoid formulated with aluminum phosphate. These instructions can easily be adapted to other vaccines by following the standard formulation procedures and immunization protocols for these vaccines in mice. 

Immunize three of the animals with specific antigen of interest when they are 6 wk old using the standard monoclonal immunization protocol provided previously. 

A cholera vaccine, comprising killed Vibrio cholerae cells and the recombinant cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit (the CTB subunit is used extensively as an adjuvant in mucosal immunization protocols, as it... 

Mucosal and systemic antibody responses were measured following oral (OR) and SQ immunization by a nanoparticulate-formulated protein. For oral immunizations, C57BL/6 female mice, 6-8 weeks old, were used in groups of 10 animals. Animals were immunized by gavage using a dose volume of 500 pL. Experimental formulations were prepared so each dose contained a certain load of protein (Table 4). Formulations tested included soluble protein, protein in the nanoparticulate form, protein mixed with empty nanoparticles and protein formulated with CRL-1005 non-ionic block copolymer. The immunization protocol included two immunizations one month apart. Blood, feces and saliva were collected from immunized mice on study days 21,28,49 and 56 and stored at -70 °C until tested. 

Catalytic antibodies were first reported in 1986 by Lerner and Schultz for the hydrolysis of simple esters. Since then over 100 different reactions have been catalyzed by antibodies, from enantioselective preparative reactions to prodrug activations in vivo [1]. New methods have been developed, including specific immunization protocols, direct screening assays for catalysis, and manipulations with recombinant antibodies via phage display. This article gives an overview of work done towards applying catalytic antibodies for synthetic organic reactions by our and other laboratories. 

Fig. 7. Standard immunization protocol for producing anti-hapten monoclonal antibodies...

Preparation of hybridomas from spleen cells of immunized animal and myeloma cells Immunization protocols differ from... 

Additional parameters that are readily incorporated into a stand-alone immune function test such as the KLH-TDAR model include ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine protein expression, and immunophenotype analysis any or all of which can enhance hazard identification and characterization of a potential immunotoxicant. While the KLH-TDAR is an example of a combined immune function screen and mechanistic study, the ex vivo methodologies described herein are generally applicable to toxicology studies that do not include an immunization protocol. Moreover, the methodologies are not species-specific however, responsiveness to various stimulants to induce ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production may differ across species and strain, requiring procedural optimization for a given species and ex vivo test. 

There are several parameters that need to be evaluated, depending on the purpose and application of the antibodies to be produced. All these elements are key to optimizing the immunization protocol and therefore to ensuring high-quality antibodies. 

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