Thin processing

Steam flooding (397,499,500) can greatly increase the recovery of high viscosity crude oils through heat thinning processes. As noted previously, surfactants can be used to reduce the mobility of... 

Slightly thicker soap films (ca. 150 nm) sometimes look golden. In the thinning process, the different colors get cut off. Thus, if blue color gets cut off, the film appears amber to magenta. 

Electric double layers can be present at the gas/liquid interfaces between bubbles in foams. In this case, since the interfaces on each side of the thin film are equivalent, any interfacial charge will be equally carried on each side of the film. If a foam film is stabilized by ionic surfactants then their presence at the interfaces will induce a repulsive force opposing the thinning process. The magnitude of the force will depend on the charge density and the film thickness. 

Pozder S, Lu J-Q, Kwon Y, Zollner S, Yu J, McMahon JJ, Cale TS, Yu K, Gutmann RJ. Back-end compatibility of bonding and thinning processes for a wafer-level 3D interconnect technology platform. Proceedings of International Interconnect Technology Conference 2004. p 102-104. 

That is, the thinning process occured in the oil layer immediately after the W/O/W emulsion formation, so that the aqueous compartments were subsequently surrounded by the thin oil layer, as shown in Figure 8. On the other hand, the surplus oil components located heterogeneously on the surface of the compartments. 

Second, the electrostatic disjoining pressure IIei(h) playing another part in the thinning process of the oil layer should also be considered, as follows ... 

Figure 9- Thinning process of oil layer on the surface of a water drop taken photomicrographically at Usee (A), 7sec (B), l6sec(C), 30sec (D), Ulsec (E), and 55sec (F) after the preparation.

Therefore, the thinning process of the oil layer observed is explained as a transitional stage in attaining a minimal level of the total potential energy at a given condition. 

Figure 3.11 Ion thinning process (a) dimple grinding and (b) ion milling. (Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media from D. Shindo and T. Oikawa, Analytical Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Springer-Verlag, Tokyo. 2002 Springer-Verlag GmbH.)...

Glocker DA, Shah SI (1995) Handbook of thin process technology. IOP... 

In his theory of coalescence Marrucci [364] concerned himself with the kinematics of the thinning process (drainage), which the liquid lamella between neighboring gas bubbles is subjected to, until it bursts. The reason for the stretching of both boundary layers of the film is due to the pressure difference between the liquid in the film and that in the bulk. They are in equilibrium with the difference in surface tension between the film and the liquid bulk ... 

Twenty years after Marrucci s work, Prince and Blanch [446] showed that equation (4.86) predicted values which were a factor of 4 too low, because in the range of the film thicknesses occurring here (<)" > 100 A) the Hamaker relationship Fh = A/(67i<5 ) does not apply and that the van der Waal s relationship for delayed attraction forces Fh = B/d applied instead (B is the delay coefficient). With this expression and taking into consideration the inertia of the liquid film at the beginning of the thinning process in the force equilibrium equation, a new relationship is obtained ... 

On the other hand, similar experimental methods showed s6,687 (jjg destrnction occurred in a different manner when pnre oils (withont sihca particles) were used as antifoams. The oil drops were seen to leave the foam films (withont ruptnre) during the film thinning process. The... 

According to Taylor (1924) at a gap thickness h, much smaller than a, the hydrodynamic resistance of the film against the thinning process is given by... 

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