Thin film electrode

McCann JE, SkyUas Kazacos M (1981) The Electrochemical deposition and formation of cadmium sulphide thin film electrodes in aqueous electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem 119 409-412... 

The importance of controlling the operating temperatures of single-crystal and polycrystalline n-CdSe/polysulfide/CoS liquid junction cells to obtain the maximum possible photoconversion has been emphasized [55], In fact, a dramatic effect of temperature was established on the power output of the cells, particularly those based on thin film electrodes. 

Photovoltaic response parameters for electrodeposited (polycrystalline) CdTe thin film electrodes in sulfide-polysulfide or alkaline sodium telluride PEC have been reported, primarily with no reference to the stability of the cells [100], In view of the instability of CdTe in aqueous solutions, Bhattacharya and Rajeshwar [101] employed two methods for the characterization of their electrodeposited CdTe-based PEC. In the first one, a coating of Pb02 (-100 nm thick) was deposited on the CdTe film surface by electroless deposition, and the coated films... 

McCann JF, Kainthla RC, Skyllas-Kazacos M (1983) Chemical deposition of Cdi xHgxS thin film electrodes for liquid-junction solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol CeUs 9 247-251... 

Russak MA, Reichman J (1982) Photoelectrochemical performance of ZnSe/CdSe thin film electrodes in aqueous polysulfide electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 129 542-545... 

Bolivar H, Izquierdo S, Tremont R, Cabrera CR (2003) Methanol oxidation at Pt/MoOx/ MoSc2 thin film electrodes prepared with exfohated MoSe2. J Appl Electrochem 33 1191-1198... 

Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of SFG spectroscopy in the study of water structure at electrode/electrolyte solution interfaces by showing the potential dependent SFG spectra in the OH-stretching vibration region at a Pt/thin film electrode/0.1 M HGIO4 solution interface in internal reflection mode. 

FigureS.6 CVobtained with a sweep rate ofSOmVs (solid line) and potential dependence of integrated SFC intensity in the OH-stretching region ( ) ofa Pt thin film electrode in 0.1 M HCIO4 solution.

Figure 9.2 SEIRAS spectra for a Pt thin film electrode in 02-saturated 0.1 M NaC104 + NaOH (pH 11). The reference spectmm at 0.4 V was taken before the potential sweep started. The scan rate was 10 mV/s. (Reproduced with permission from Shao et al. [2006a].)...

Delgado JM, Orts JM, Rodes A. 2005. ATR-SEIRAS study of the adsorption of acetate anions at chemically deposited silver thin film electrodes. Langmuir 21 8809-8816. 

Figure 13.1 Electrooxidation of COad and Ci adsorbate layers pie-adsorbed on a Pt/Vulcan thin-film electrode (7 JLgptCm , geometric area 0.28 cm ) in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution during a first positive-going potential scan, and subsequent response of the faradaic (a) and m/z = 44 ion current (b) to the electrode potential in the thin-layer DBMS flow cell. The potential scan rate was 10 mV s and the electrolyte flow rate was 5 p,L s at room temperature. The respective adsorbates were adsorbed at 0.11 V for 10 minutes from CO-saturated solution (solid line), 0.1 M HCHO solution (dashed line), 0.1 M HCOOH solution (dash-dotted line), and 0.1 M CH3OH solution (dash-double-dotted line).

Figure 13.6 Potential-step electro-oxidation of formaldehyde on a Pt/Vulcan thin-film electrode (7 p,gpt cm, geometric area 0.28 cm ) in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution containing 0.1 M HCHO upon stepping the potential from 0.16 to 0.6 V (electrolyte flow rate 5 pL at room temperature). (a) Solid line, faradaic current transients dashed line, partial current for HCHO oxidation to CO2 dotted line, difference between the net faradaic current and that for CO2 formation, (b) Solid line, m/z = 44 ion current transients gray line potential-step oxidation of pre-adsorbed CO derived upon HCHO adsorption at 0.16 V, in HCHO-free sulfuric acid solution, (c) Current efficiency transients for CO2 formation (dashed line) and formic acid formation (dotted line).

These studies were carried out on industrially manufactured piezoquartz resonators with an AT-cut featuring silver thin-film electrodes. Oscillations with a frequency of 10 MHz (resonant frequency) were generated by generator of the TKG-3 type. The sensor of silver atoms (films of zinc oxide) were positioned in the same vial with resonator, the sensor was positioned parallel to the resonator plane the distance between them was about 5 mm. Prior to the experiment the vial containing resonator and sensor was heated up to 473 K and kept at above... 

The electrodes usually consist of mercury or deposited mercury or occasionally of inert solid material further, they are mainly of a stationary type (in the stripping step as the crucial analytical measurement, but not in the concentration step, where often the solution is stirred or the electrode is rotated). Considering the mercury, only exceptionally has a sessile mercury drop electrode (SMDE)91 or a slowly growing DME(drop time 18 min and phase-selective recording of stripping curve)92 been applied. Most popular are the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and the mercury film or thin-film electrode (MFE or MTFE). 

For technical purposes (as well as in the laboratory) RuOz and Ru based thin film electrodes are prepared by thermal decomposition techniques. Chlorides or other salts of the respective metals are dissolved in an aqueous or alcoholic solution, painted onto a valve metal substrate, dried and fired in the presence of air or oxygen. In order to achieve reasonable thicknesses the procedure has to be applied repetitively with a final firing for usually 1 hour at temperatures of around 450°C. A survey of the various processes can be found in Trasatti s book [44], For such thermal decomposition processes it is dangerous to assume that the bulk composition of the final sample is the same as the composition of the starting products. This is especially true for the surface composition. The knowledge of these parameters, however, is of vital importance for a better understanding of the electrochemical performance including stability of the electrode material. 

Couto et al. [11] developed a flow injection system with potentiometric detection for determination of TC, OTC, and CTC in pharmaceutical products. A homogeneous crystalline CuS/Ag2S double membrane tubular electrode was used to monitor the Cu(II) decrease due to its complexation with OTC. The system allows OTC determination within a 49.1 1.9 x 103 ppm and a precision better than 0.4%. A flow injection method for the assay of OTC, TC, and CTC in pharmaceutical formulations was also developed by Wangfuengkanagul et al. [12] using electrochemical detection at anodized boron-doped diamond thin-film electrode. The detection limit was found to be 10 nM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). 

The catalytic activity of PANI for the oxygen reduction reaction was first characterized by using a thin film electrode as the working device in oxygen-and argon-saturated 1 M HC1 solution. 

INVESTIGATION OF THIN-FILM ELECTRODE MATERIALS AS CATHODIC ACTIVES FOR POWER SOURCES... 

The use of thin-film cathodes for battery application usually results in a better performance due to shorter diffusion path of intercalated cation through solid matrix. The thin film electrodes are used in manufacturing of rolled type batteries and thin film cells. 

Thin-film electrodes have promise in the development of flexible power sources (primary and secondary). It must be taken into account that change in cathodic material crystal lattice must not be over 20% as a result of intercalation of Li+, Na+ or FT [4], The electrodes must be chemically active and have both electron and ion conductivity. In connection with these... 

Batley [780] examined the techniques available for the in situ electrodeposition of lead and cadmium in seawater. These included anodic scanning voltammetry at a glass carbon thin film electrode and the hanging drop mercury electrode in the presence of oxygen, and in situ electrodeposition on mercury-coated graphite tubes. 

Batley [28] examined the techniques available for the in situ electrodeposition of lead and cadmium in estuary water. These included anodic stripping voltammetry at a glass carbon thin film electrode and the hanging drop mercury electrode in the presence of oxygen and in situ electrodeposition on mercury coated graphite tubes. Batley [28] found that in situ deposition of lead and cadmium on a mercury coated tube was the more versatile technique. The mercury film, deposited in the laboratory, is stable on the dried tubes which are used later for field electrodeposition. The deposited metals were then determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Hasle and Abdullah [29] used differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in speciation studies on dissolved copper, lead, and cadmium in coastal sea water. 

U.S. 6,414,431 Thin film electrode for planar organic light-emitting devices and method for its production... 

The effect of nanoporous Ti02 thin-film electrodes on the removal and degradation of the reactive textile dye Reactive orange 16 (R3R) was investigated by physicochemical analytical procedures including RP-HPLC. The chemical structure of the dye is shown in Fig. 3.67. Liquid chromatographic measurements were employed for the separation and detection of the decomposition products of the dye. They were realized in an ODS column... 

Fig. 3.68. Analytical HPLC chromatograms with detection of diode array of 4.7 x 10"5mol/l of R3R dye curve (1) before and curve (2) after 180 min of photoelectrocatalysis on the Ti02 thin-film electrode biased at +1.0 V in NajSCT, 0.025 mol/l. Curve (4) before and curve (3) after photoelectrocatalysis in NaCl 0.022 mol/l and curve (5) after bleaching of 4.7 X 10-5 mol/l of R3R dye submitted to a chemical treatment by active chlorine addition. The mobile phase was methanol-water 80 20 per cent with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and controlled temperature at 30°C. The column was a Shimpack (Shimadzu) CLC-ODS, 5 /an (250 mm X 4.6 mm). Reprinted with permission from P. A. Cameiro el al. [138].

M.V.B. Zanoni, JJ. Sene and M.A. Anderson, Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of the reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R on titanium dioxide thin-film electrodes. J. Photochem. Photobiol.A Chem., 157 (2003) 55-63. 

P.A. Cameiro, M.E. Osugi, J.J. Sene, M.A. Anderson and M.V.B. Zanoni, Evaluation of color removal and degradation of a reactive textile dye on nanoporous Ti02 thin-film electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 49 (2004) 3807-3820. 

T. Lindgren, Photo Induced Oxidation of Water at Thin Film Electrodes A study of Tungsten Oxide, Herruitite, Indium Nitride and Tin Nitride, in Department of Physical Chemistry. 2001, Uppsala... 

One final issue remains to be resolved Of the portion of the AEpi that is due to resistance, what part is caused by solution resistance and what part is caused by film resistance To explore this issue we examined the electrochemistry of a reversible redox couple (ferrocene/ferricinium) at a polished glassy carbon electrode in the electrolyte used for the TiS 2 electrochemistry. At a peak current density essentially identical to the peak current density for the thin film electrode in Fig. 27 (0.5 mV see ), this reversible redox couple showed a AEpi of 0.32 V (without application of positive feedback). Since this is a reversible couple (no contribution to the peak separation due to slow kinetics) and since there is no film on the electrode (no contribution to the peak separation due to film resistance), the largest portion of this 0.32 V is due to solution resistance. However, the reversible peak separation for a diffusional one-electron redox process is —0.06 V. This analysis indicates that we can anticipate a contribution of 0.32 V -0.06 V = 0.26 V from solution resistance in the 0.5 mV sec control TiS2 voltammogram in Fig. 27. 

The nanostructured thin-film electrode was first developed at 3M Company by Debe et al. [40] and Debe [41], who prepared thin films of oriented crystalline organic whiskers on which Ft had been deposited. The film was then transferred to the membrane surface using a decal method, and a nanostructured thin-film catalyst-coated membrane was formed as shown in Figure 2.10. Interestingly, both the nanostructured thin-film (NSTF) catalyst and the CL are nonconventional. The latter contains no carbon or additional ionomer and is 20-30 times thinner than the conventional dispersed Pt/ carbon-based CL. In addition, the CL was more durable than conventional CCMs made from Pt/C and Nation ionomer [40]. 

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