Diamond thin film electrodes

Couto et al. [11] developed a flow injection system with potentiometric detection for determination of TC, OTC, and CTC in pharmaceutical products. A homogeneous crystalline CuS/Ag2S double membrane tubular electrode was used to monitor the Cu(II) decrease due to its complexation with OTC. The system allows OTC determination within a 49.1 1.9 x 103 ppm and a precision better than 0.4%. A flow injection method for the assay of OTC, TC, and CTC in pharmaceutical formulations was also developed by Wangfuengkanagul et al. [12] using electrochemical detection at anodized boron-doped diamond thin-film electrode. The detection limit was found to be 10 nM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). 

Boron-doped chemical-vapor-deposited diamond is an exceptionally inert carbon electrode with a very wide potential window and very low voltammetric background current. [A. E. Fischer, Y. Show, and G. M. Swain, Electrochemical Performance of Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes from Different Commercial Sources, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 2553.]... 

Okino P, Shibata H, Kawasaki S, Touhara H, Momota K, Nishitani-Gamo M, Sakaguchi I, Ando T (1999) Electrochemical fluorination of 1, 4-difluorobenzene using boron-doped diamond thin-film electrodes. Electochem Solid-State Lett 2 382-384... 

Synthetic Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes Their Preliminary Characterization. 219... 

In Fig. 7 we present typical background current curves taken in a supporting electrolyte (0.5 M H2SO4) solution on polycrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes, as well as on traditional - Pt and highly oriented pyrographite (HOPG) - electrodes. 

Fig. 12. (a) Complex-plane plot of impedance spectrum for a single-crystal diamond thin-film electrode, taken in 0.5 M H2SO4 at open-circuit potential (b) its high-frequency portion. Frequency/kHz shown on the figure [69]. 

Fig. 28. Anodic O3 evolution plots for polycrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes (top) and PbC>2 electrodes exposed to 10 vol. % H2SO4 solution. The boron/carbon ratio in the source gas during the films growth shown on the figure [119]. Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.

Canizares, P., Diaz, M., Dominguez, J. A., Garcia-Gomez, J. and Rodrigo, M. A. (2002) Electrochemical oxidation of aqueous phenol wastes on synthetic diamond thin-film electrodes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41,4187 1194. 

Gandini, D., Comninellis, C., Perret, A. and Haenni, W. (1999) Anodic oxidation of organics on synthetic diamond thin-film electrodes. ICHEME Symp. Series 145, 181-190. 

Diamond thin-film electrodes have been studied for decades and by various research groups worldwide. Their superb performance has been proved for the... 

Decrements, R. and Swain, G.M. (1997) The formation and electrochemical activity of microporous diamond thin film electrodes in concentrated KOH. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 856-866. 

Marselli B. Electrochemical oxygen transfer reaction on synthetic boron-doped-diamond thin film electrode, PhD thesis no. 3057, EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne) (2004). 

Perret A., Haenni W., Skinner N., Tang X.-M., Gandini D., Comninellis C., Correa B. and Foti G. Electrochemical behaviour of synthetic diamond thin film electrodes, Diam. Relat. Mater. 8 (1999) 820. 

Katsuki, N., Takahashi, E., Toyoda, M., Kurosu, T., Iida, M., Wakita, S., Nishiki, Y. and Shimamu-mune (1998) Water electrolysis using diamond thin-film electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, 2358-3262. 

Michaud, P.-A., Panniza, M., Quattara, L., Diaco, T., Foti, G. and Comninellis, Ch. (2003) Electrochemical oxidation of water on boron-doped diamond thin film electrodes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 33, 151-154. 

Serrano, K., Michaud, P.A., Comninellis, Ch. and Savall, A. (2002) Electrochemical preparation of peroxodisulfuric acid using boron doped diamond thin film electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 48, 431 136. 

Panizza, M., Zolezzi, M. and Nicolella, C. (2006) Biological and electrochemical oxidation of naphthalenesulfonates. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 81,225-232 Park, T.J., Lee, K.H., Jung, E.J. and Kim, C.W. (1999) Removal of refractory organics and color in pigment wastewater with Fenton oxidation. Water Sci. Technol. 39, 189-192 Perret A., Haenni, W., Skinner, N., Tang, X.M., Gandini, D., Comninellis, Ch., Correa B. and Fori G. (1999) Electrochemical behaviour of synthetic diamond thin film electrodes. Diam. Relat. Mater. 8, 820-823... 

Michaud, P., E. Mahe, W. Haenni, A. Perret, and C. ComnineUis (2000). Preparation of perox-odisulfuric acid using boron-doped diamond thin film electrodes. Electrochem. Solid State 3, 77-79. 

M. D. Koppang, M. Witek, J. Blau, G. M. Swain, Electrochemical oxidation of polyamines at diamond thin film electrodes, Analytical Chemistry 1999, 71, 1188. 

Zhao J, Wu L, Zhi J (2009) Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection Uusing As-Prepared Boron-Doped Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes, analyst 134 794-799. 

Fig. 10 First scan-cyclic voltammetric i—E curves for the reduction of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium tetrafluoroborate at microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes. Scan rate = 100 mV s h...

IV. CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE AND NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND THIN FILM ELECTRODES... 

FIG. 6. Carrier concentrations and mobilities (holes) in boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes as a function of the B2H6 concentration added to the source gas mixture. The measurements were made in a van der Pauw geometry with Ti contacts by Dr. Toshihiro Ando at NIMS. The limit of the temperature measurements was approximately 500 K. 

Ru(NH3)6, 0.1 mM IrClg, and 0.05 mM methyl viologen (MV ) at a boron-doped microcrystalline diamond thin-film electrode. Scan rate = 0.1 V/s. Electrolyte = 1 M KCl. 

Cyclic Voltammetric and Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constant Data for Four Aqueous-Based Redox Systems at Boron-Doped Microcrystalline Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes... 

Figure 11 shows cyclic voltammetric i-E curves for (A) Fe(CN)e ", (B) Ru(NH3)e (C) IrCl6 / (D) methyl viologen (MV ) in 1 M KCl, and (E) 4-tert-butylcatechol, and (F) Fe in 0.1 M HCIO4 at a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin film electrode. The potential scan rate (v) was 0.1 V/s. The Ep for these redox systems ranges from... 

Cyclic Voltammetric Data for Aqueous-Based Redox Systems at a Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin-Film Electrode... 

FIG. 15. Diazonium salt reduction on a boron-doped nanocrystaUine diamond thin-film electrode (A) general reaction mechanism, (B) a series of cyclic vol-tammetric i-E curves in 1 mM 4-nitrophenyldiazonium salt + 0.1 M TBABF4/ CH3CN during the surface derivatization step, and (C) a cyclic voltammetric i-E curve for the derivatized surface in 0.1 M TBABF4/CH3CN. Scan rate = 0.05 V/s. Electrode area = 0.2 cm. ... 

FIG. 16. Differential pulse anodic-stripping voltammetric curves for Ag(I), PB(II), and Cd(II) for a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrode in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5. The metal ion concentrations are (a) 10, (b) 1, and (c) 0.5 pM. Preconcentration at —1000 mV for 3 min (no stirring). (Reprinted with permission from Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 879. Copyright (2003) American Chemical Society.) (From Ref 115.)... 

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