Through Solids

A more rigorous approach to calculating the diffusion coefficients has been adopted by Kikuchi [165], A binary substitution alloy (s = 3) has been considered with the vacancy mechanism of atom migration. He was the first to take account of the temporal correlations and to obtain expressions for the correlation cofactor fc in the non-ideal systems. The derived coefficients satisfy Onsager s reciprocal relations. 

In a particular case for the self-diffusion of atoms A in a pure metal (equilibrium vacancy concentration, s —2, dB — 0) his expression for /. coincides with that obtained earlier by Lidiard [178] who has considered atom displacement into the nearest-neighboring sites therefore these expressions differ from the exact fc values (Campaan and Haven [179] and Schoen and Lowen [180]). 

Amandykov and Gurov [155,184] have extended Kikuchi s approach to the case when the TSM is used (QCA, R — 1). According to these authors, the expression for the correlation cofactor depends on the parameter of the AC interaction with the neighboring species. Therefore, this behavior exerts a significant effect on the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients. The potential of atoms interaction at any distances has been applied to the construction of the kinetic equation describing the diffusion decomposition of solid solutions [185]. 

Fundamentals of a method for developing models of mass transfer of low-molecular substances in non-reconstructing microheterogeneous membranes were formulated. The local properties of membranes differ in sorbability with respect to species and in the probability for a species to jump from one sorption site to another. Because of this, the permeability of a membrane depends on the amounts of different-type sites, their mutual arrangement, mutual influence of adjacent molecules, and the probabilities of jumps between different sites. The probabilities of occupation of different sorption sites are described by kinetic equations, which take into account the interactions between species. The atomic-molecular discrete and continuous models of mass transfer for thin and thick films are constructed. 

Developing approach has given an explanation at what conditions the matrices with macroscopic non-uniformities (e.g., lamellar systems, heterogeneous inclusion phases, etc.) and with effective macroscopic diffusion coefficients in the latter case, a matrix is considered as a homogeneous one and when the phenomenological model of double sorption, which operates with sorption sites of two types could be used [190-192]. 

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Speed control through. solid-state technology 6/99... 

Energy conservation through solid-state technology 6/134... 

Speed control through solid-state technology... 

This part-also deals w ith static controls and drives, soft starting and process control through solid-state technology (phasor and field-oriented controls) using IGBTs as well as energy conservation,... 

See 2-3.1. Electrical conduction through solids takes place both through the bulk material and over the surface. In most cases surfaces have different physical and chemical properties than the bulk, for example due to contamination or moisture. Volume and surface resistivity can be separately measured for solid materials such as antistatic plastic sheet. Powders represent a special case since although both surface and bulk conduction occur, their contributions cannot be individually measured and the volume or bulk resistivity of a powder includes surface effects. 

Barrer R M (1941) Diffusion In and Through Solids. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York... 

A new technique has been developed to analyze a- and (3-endosulfan concentrations in human urine (Vidal et al. 1998). Samples are mixed with a buffer solution and then passed through solid phase extraction cartridges for analysis using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). 

Khan KM et al. (2005) A facile and improved synthesis of sildenafil (Viagra) analogs through solid support microwave irradiation possessing tyrosinase inhibitory potential, their conformational analysis and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Mol Divers 9(l-3) 15-26... 

When any materials interact with their environment through solid/gas, solid/liquid, and solid/solid interfaces, the nanometer scale surface created can easily be modified to perform certain functions. The modifications are usually only effective in the few nanometer deep surface layers. This chapter highlights the development of new model nanostructured materials with functionalized interfaces to... 

Fig. 2.39. Na /K+ atomic ratios of well discharges plotted at measured downhole temperatures. Curve A is the least squares fit of the data points above 80°C. Curve B is another emperical curve (from Truesdell, 1976). Curves C and D show the approximate locations of the low albite-microcline and high albite-sanidine lines derived from thermodynamic data (from Fournier, 1981). Small solid subaerial geothermal water Solid square Okinawa Jade Open square South Mariana Through Solid circle East Pacific Rise 11°N Open circle Mid Atlantic Ridge, TAG.

Similarly, as in the transport of ions in electrolyte solutions, random ion motion predominates over ordered motion in the direction of the field during the passage of electric current through solid substances. 

Leachate tends to percolate downward through solid waste, continuing to extract dissolved or suspended materials. In most landfills, leachate seeps through the landfill from external sources, such as surface drainage, rainfall, groundwater, and water from underground springs, as well as from the liquid produced from the decomposition of the wastes, if any.3... 

The use of thin-film cathodes for battery application usually results in a better performance due to shorter diffusion path of intercalated cation through solid matrix. The thin film electrodes are used in manufacturing of rolled type batteries and thin film cells. 

When conjugate heat transfer through solid particles in the tube is to be included, the energy balance must be solved in the solid particles, in addition to the fluid flow regions. The energy balance for a solid region is defined by ... 

Fig. 3. Natural products and derivatives accessed through solid supported reagent technology...

Upward Flow of Fluid Through Solid Particles (- AP) regimes... 

Fire Spread on Surfaces and Through Solid Media... 

FIRE SPREAD ON SURFACES AND THROUGH SOLID MEDIA... 

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