The Pipeline

Pragmatically, the companies are geared up for a steady flow of new products, which means a steady flow of clinical candidates to put into trial. Capacity at CROs helps to even the flow. If a company is not putting drugs into clinical trials, confidence from investors will drop, and they will adjust their portfolios accordingly. Stock price is as heavily affected by the prospects of a company s pipeline as by its current sales. 

Without cardiovascular and CNS programs, it is veiy difHcult to be among the top 10 companies in terms of sales. 

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The first function of a wellsite is to accommodate drilling operations. However, a wellsite must be designed to allow access for future operations and maintenance activity, and in many cases provide containment in the event of accidental emission. Production from a single wellhead or wellhead cluster is routed by pipeline to a gathering station, often without any treatment. In such a case the pipeline effectively becomes an extension of the production tubing. If a well is producing naturally or with assistance from a down... 

In recent years much more attention has been given to pipeline isolation, after instances in which the contents of export pipelines fed platform fires, adding significantly to damage and loss of life. Many export and in field pipelines are now fitted with emergency shutdown valves (ESDV) close to the production platform, to isolate the pipeline in the event of an emergency. 

Practical applications [2] of a GammaMat M model using the new Selenium crawler camera loaded with approx. 1 TBq (30Ci) on a pipeline of diameter 12 and wall thickness of 0.25 showed 6-7 m axial distance to the exposed source as limit of the radiation controlled area (40pSv/h) and 22m perpendicular to the pipeline. Other authors [3] have reported about a comparison for Ir-192 and Selenium source on a 4.5 diameter pipe and 0,125 steel thickness they have found for 0.7 Tbq (18Ci) Selenium a value of 1 Om behind the film (in the unshielded beam) comparing under same conditions to approx. 40m for Iridium. 

The pipelines wear and increase of their total length, complex natural-technical and social terms of operation of the most hazardous objects e g., nuclear and heating power plants, chemical and microbiological enterprises, air-space systems, hydro-technical installations, all types of traffic, etc. — here are the reasons of urgent necessity to use as much as possible the NDT and TD systems. 

The tracer solution is made from oil soluble bromobenzene with the radioactive isotope Br-82. The tracer solution is injected through a thin nozzle inserted into the pipeline through the valve previously connected to the injection instrumentation. The injection device provides a very sharp beginning and termination of the fraction of labelled oil. 

In the demonstration survey leaks were simulated by placing minor amounts of tracer outside the pipeline at difterent positions. 

Corrosion between the support device and the pipeline must be avoided. Drainage is provided by the pipeline slope, normally 0.48—0.96 cm /m of length, and gaskets must be nonabsorbent and of a type that does not affect the food product. 

Fittings. Fittings connect pipes and provide for the attachment of equipment to change flow direction. They must be easily cleaned inside and out, have no exposed pipe threads, and, if of the detachable type, have an appropriate gasket. The fittings are constmcted of the same or similar materials as the pipeline and are installed on tubing. Standard shapes and sizes are specified by the 3A Standards Committee. 

Crude oil is recovered from the reservoir mixed with a variety of substances gases, water, and dirt (minerals) (4). Thus, refining actually commences with the production of fluids from the weU or reservoir and is followed by pretreatment operations that are appHed to the cmde oil either at the refinery or prior to transportation. Pipeline operators, for iastance, are iasistent upon the quahty of the fluids put iato the pipelines therefore, any cmde oil to be shipped by pipeline or, for that matter, by any other form of transportation must meet rigid specifications ia regard to water and salt content. In some iastances, sulfur content, nitrogen content, and viscosity may also be specified. 

A Russian ammonia pipeline of nearly 2400 km extends from Togliatti on the Volga River to the Port of Odessa on the Black Sea, and a 2200-km, 250-mm dia branch line extends from Godovka in the Ukraine to Panioutino. The pipeline is constmcted of electric-resistance welded steel pipe with 7.9-mm thick walls but uses seamless pipe with 12.7-mm thick walls for river crossings. The pipeline is primed and taped with two layers of polyethylene tape and suppHed with a cathodic protection system for the entire pipeline. Mainline operating pressure is 8.15 MPa (1182 psi) and branch-line operating pressure is 9.7 MPa (1406 psi) (11). 

Sulfur and Chlorine Pipelines. Underground sulfur is melted by superheated water and then piped as Hquid to the surface with compressed air. At the surface, molten sulfur is transported by heated pipeline to a storage or shipping terminal. One such pipeline, located under 15 m of water in the Gulf of Mexico, is insulated and surrounded by steel casing to which are strapped two 130-mm dia pipelines that carry return water from the deposit. The superheated water is carried from shore to the deposit in a 63.5-mm dia pipe inside the pipeline that carries the molten sulfur (21). 

Pipelines to transport soHds are called freight pipelines, of which three different types exist pneumatic pipelines, the use of which is known as pneumotransport or pneumatic conveying slurry pipelines, which may also be called hydrotransport or hydrauHc conveying and capsule pipelines. When air or inert gas is used to move the soHds in the pipeline, the system is called a pneumatic pipeline and often involves a wheeled vehicle inside the pipeline, propelled by air moving through the pipe (25). Slurry pipelines involve the transport of soHd particles suspended in water or another inert Hquid. HydrauHc capsule pipelines transport soHd material within cylindrical containers, using water flow through the pipeline for propulsion. 

When constmction is complete, the pipeline must be tested for leaks and strength before being put into service industry code specifies the test procedures. Water is the test fluid of choice for natural gas pipelines, and hydrostatic testing is often carried out beyond the yield strength in order to reHeve secondary stresses added during constmction or to ensure that all defects are found. Industry code limits on the hoop stress control the test pressures, which are also limited by location classification based on population. Hoop stress is calculated from the formula, S = PD/2t, where S is the hoop stress in kPa (psig) P is the internal pressure in kPa (psig), and D and T are the outside pipe diameter and nominal wall thickness, respectively, in mm (in.). 

AH gas-fired power plants require oxygen analy2ers to ensure that air has not been drawn into the piping system. Oxygen intake can lead to the presence of an explosive mixture in the pipeline before the fuel reaches the burner or combustor 2one. When gas-fired units are located in an enclosed area, multiple ultraviolet flame detectors are used to shut down equipment and flood the area with CO2 or a chemical fire suppressant whenever a spark or flame is detected. 

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