Volga River

A Russian ammonia pipeline of nearly 2400 km extends from Togliatti on the Volga River to the Port of Odessa on the Black Sea, and a 2200-km, 250-mm dia branch line extends from Godovka in the Ukraine to Panioutino. The pipeline is constmcted of electric-resistance welded steel pipe with 7.9-mm thick walls but uses seamless pipe with 12.7-mm thick walls for river crossings. The pipeline is primed and taped with two layers of polyethylene tape and suppHed with a cathodic protection system for the entire pipeline. Mainline operating pressure is 8.15 MPa (1182 psi) and branch-line operating pressure is 9.7 MPa (1406 psi) (11). 

The Caspian Sea receives most pollutants from river discharge, mainly due to the Volga River. Recently, the annual quantity of oil hydrocarbons entered into the Caspian Sea with river discharge reaching 55,990 tons, synthetic surfactants, 12,695 tons, and organochlorinated pesticides, 66 tons (Shaporenko, 1997). 

We should point out that at the scale of the whole Caspian Sea the present monitoring results are limited (Bukharitsin and Luneva, 1994 Kuksa, 1996). However, we can conclude that the highest concentrations of DDT in water in the late 1980s were recorded in coastal waters of the Ural and Volga rivers and in the deeper western part of the North Caspian. Taking into account that the maximal content of synthetic surfactants were also observed in the same sea regions, one can postulate that most DDT enters the sea with river discharge in concentrated form, mainly in surface film composition formed by synthetic surfactants. 

In 1993 Russia had 48,000 kilometers of pipeline carrying crude oil, 15,000 kilometers for petroleum products, and 140,000 kilometers for natural gas. In recent decades, the natural gas lines have expanded at a much faster rate than the crude oil lines. The main natural gas pipeline, one of the Soviet Union s largest international trade projects, connects the natural gas fields of northern Siberia with most of the countries of Western Europe. Completed in 1984, the line passes nearly 4,000 kilometers across the Ural Mountains, the Volga River, and many other natural obstacles to connect Russian lines with the European system. 

Bukharitsin, P. I., Luneva, Z. D. (1994). Water quality characteristics of lower reaches of the Volga river in northern part of the Caspian Sea. Water Resources, 4, 480-486. 

Consideration of the impact of low-frequency fluctuations of climate on Caspian Sea level showed that the long-term variability of the level is connected mainly with SST anomalies in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean. It turns out that positive SST anomalies correlate with the growing rain rate in the Volga River watershed basin and vice versa. The main reason for variations in Caspian Sea level is the long-term dynamics of El Nino events, which should be considered as chaotic. 

Clean water became an especially critical issue for residents along the Volga River between Tver and Moscow during summer 2005. A series of... 

The Origins of Russian Scenery Volga River Tourism and Russian... 

Typelll. Volga river basin, Western Kazakhstan (steppe, semi deserts, desert,... 

There is limited information on storage and dumping of agents in the former Soviet Union. Fedorov (1966) reports that the Volga River... 

The basin of the Danube River with about 200 km3 contributes per year to the receiving Black Sea its flow is as big as the one of the Volga River. 

Later studies of the 1970s-1980s carried out on water from other major waterways such as the lower Great Lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in Canada and the USA), the Rhine, Danube and Volga Rivers in Europe, many Asian rivers from Japan, China, Thailand, India, the Philippines, Indonesia and other countries, have shown similar findings (see Chapter 8). 

Lake Baskunchak, Russia 300 The Volga River/The Caspian Sea [Pg.295]

On the dislocated and eroded surface of the washout is deposited a multiple constructed complex of buried Pliocene valleys and Quaternary alluvial terraces of the Volga river and its inflows (sand and clay, with maximum capacity almost 180 m). 

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