Energy use reduction

Energy-use reduction. Wide-range implementation of Pinch Point Analysis and Total Site integration are the most important factors in energy saving. 

The fossil energy use reductions lead to similar reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide. This gas contributes with between one-quarter and one-third of the total greenhouse gas contribution from agriculture. 

CN-02 Recycle and Reuse Construction and Demohtion Materials EM-08 Use Thermal Imaging to Identify Energy Losses EM-11 Restrict Heating and Cooling to Lowest 10 ft. of Indoor Space EM-14 Design Building Orientation for Energy Use Reduction EM-15 Apply Solar Reflective Paint... 

More recent research provides reversible oxidation-reduction potential data (17). These allow the derivation of better stmcture-activity relationships in both photographic sensitization and other systems where electron-transfer sensitizers are important (see Dyes, sensitizing). Data for an extensive series of cyanine dyes are pubflshed, as obtained by second harmonic a-c voltammetry (17). A recent "quantitative stmcture-activity relationship" (QSAR) (34) shows that Brooker deviations for the heterocycHc nuclei (discussed above) can provide estimates of the oxidation potentials within 0.05 V. An oxidation potential plus a dye s absorption energy provide reduction potential estimates. Different regression equations were used for dyes with one-, three-, five-methine carbons in the chromophore. Also noted in Ref. 34 are previous correlations relating Brooker deviations for many heterocycHc nuclei to the piC (for protonation/decolorization) for carbocyanine dyes the piC is thus inversely related to oxidation potential values. 

The U.S. chemical industry achieved an annual reduction of 4.2% in energy input per unit of output for the period 1975—1985 (2). This higher reduction resulted from cost optimization, the tradeoff of increased capital for reduced energy use, that was driven by energy prices (4). In contrast, from 1985 to 1990, the energy input per unit of output has been almost flat (2) as a consequence of falling prices. The average price the U.S. chemical industry paid for natural gas fell by one-third between 1985 and 1988 (1,5). 

Measurements and Audits. The enabling element of continuous improvement is measurement. An old rule of thumb says that increased accuracy in measuring an energy use ultimately yields a reduction in use equal to 10% of the increased closure of the balance. A basic principle of economics is that any thing that is free is used in excess, ie, an unmetered electrical use is bigger than expected by at least 10%. Metering of the cost elements at each unit in a chemical plant provides effective accountabhity. Measurements should be linked via computer software to production as weh as to weather to result in maximum feedback. 

Take the results for questions 4 and 5 and do a comparative cost analysis. First go the the Web and find suitable equipment suppliers that will provide the equipment in the size ranges you have calculated. Obtain some vendor quotes (rough ones will do). Then perform the fowllowing analysis (a) What are the comparative costs between the two oprions for energy use (b) What are the comparative costs between the two options in terms of maintanance and labor costs (c) Can you combine both equipment options into a single process, and if so, can you justify this and how Assume in the above that the reduction in solids concentration must meet the 1 % weirht criteria described in question 4. 

Traditional air curtains, which utilize only indoor air heated in the curtain heaters, are not always economical (due to considerable thermal energy consumption). Reduction of heat consumption is achieved by curtains that utilize unheated indoor or outdoor air, and also combined air curtains, which heat, 3only part of the supplied air. Air curtains that use unheated air conserve. 30-70% of thermal energy. 

This reduction in energy use can be achieved without affecting the required pollution levels in the environment by the improved collection methods that arc covered in these guides,... 

This act selected some dozen key residential appliances and proposed industry-tvide voluntary targets for energy efficiency improvement. If industry could not meet these volnntary targets, which averaged a 20 percent reduction in energy use compared to then-current figures, mandatory standards wonld be estab-... 

There are other benefits associated with urban trees. These include improvement in life quality increased property values and decreased rain run-off and hence flood protection. Trees also directly sequester atmospheric COj, but the direct sequestration of CO, is less than one-fourth of the emission reduction from savings in cooling-energy use. 

Reduction of overall energy use is one solution to the above problems. It requires money, technical advances, political power, and courage some reduction has been achieved, but much more is needed to reduce emissions of gases. One solution being advanced is use of processes to produce energy that do not emit gases. Hydropower has been exploited about as fully as possible, and supplies only a small fraction of total energy needs. Other sources such as wind and solar power are still much too expensive. 

Reduction of cnviromncntal pollution requires lower energy use and new technology to decrease emission of gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, and to prevent toxic fluoride, heavy metal, and radioactive wastes from discharging into the environment. 

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