Textile fibers and fabrics

Our results on the wettability of surfaces covered with highly fluorine-substituted alkyl groups stimulated several research laboratories to apply these surface properties to polymeric coating materials for textile fibers and fabrics as a means of imparting to them nonstaining, oil-, and water-resistant properties. Such products are becoming very prominent today and the contact angle is used for product control and trade specifications [1]. 

Holme, I., 1999. Adhesion to textile fibers and fabrics. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 19, 455—463. Jones, I., 2013. The use of heat seahng, hot air, and hot wedge to join textile materials (Chapter 11). In Joining Textiles Principles and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Limited, Cambridge, pp. 353—373. 

Ritter A., Reifler F. A., and Michel E. Quick screening method for the photocatalytic activity of textile fibers and fabrics. Text. Res. J. 80 no. 7 (2010) 604-610. 

Any number of different textile fibers and fabrics could possibly be used as substrates for the electrostatic self-assembly of nanolayers as far as they could hold charges on their surfaces. Possible candidates include polyamides as well as hemp, silk and many others. 

The ESA deposition process has been used to deposit alternate nanolayers of PSS and PAH on substrates of cotton and wool fabric. Treatment of the samples with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride was proven to be an effective procedure to create a substrate able to support multilayer thin films. XPS and TEM provided direct and indirect evidence of the efficacy of the deposition process. In addition, quantitative agreement of the XPS data with previously published data using several synthetic substrates corroborates that the LbL deposition process can be used as a method for the modification of textile fibers and fabrics. The experimental results also show that ESA is more dependent on the nature of the polyelectrolytes than that of the original substrate. 

M. Grayson, ed., Enjclopedia of Textiles, Fibers and Nonwoven Fabrics, Wiley-Interscience, 1989, pp. 252, 284. 

Designing FR textiles for required level of performance for specific end uses requires an understanding of the end-use conditions and specific flammability performance standards. Textiles in different applications are used either as a single component (e.g., apparel, curtains, bedsheets, etc.) or a component of the composite structure (e.g., furniture). In the latter, components other than textile material and their lay-up will also influence the burning behavior of the whole structure. This section discusses different fiber and fabric types used for different applications, associated fire hazards, and most relevant flammability performance standards. In Section 24.2, testing standards were discussed, which are used for testing materials to comply with performance standards discussed briefly in this section and in detail elsewhere.11... 

Pigments have little real substantivity for textiles and therefore must be held onto the fabric surface by means of binders. These binders are low molecular weight polymers and copolymers at the time of application. Upon further polymerization, they cross-link and bond to the textile fiber and to the pigment. Thus, the fastness properties of pigment paddings depend upon the success of proper curing of the binders (8). While proper curing is imperative, it can be achieved by use of an efficient catalyst at lower temperatures and shorter cure times than those conventionally employed. 

Other approaches for measuring thermal resistance or conductivity of fibers and fabrics include the use of calorimetry (28), thermal flow through a heat sink of known emissivity (2 ), immersion of fibers or fabrics in liquids of known thermal conductivity (30), and measurement of the rate of cooling of textiles or insulating materials by a Cenco-Fitch apparatus (2). 

Modification of cotton textiles by chemical plating of their surfaces with cobalt (II) or nickel (II) salts produced metallized fibers and fabrics with high electrical conductivity and the capability to transport and dissipate thermal energy (109). The heat capacity of cellulose acetate fibers was increased by treatment with epoxy compounds (110). 

Because of consumer demand in the second half of this century for easy care textiles, interest in the reactivity of cellulose from the ever popular cotton and viscose rayon preceded interest in the other products. In fact, it is the alcohol functionality of cotton and viscose cellulose that is responsible for improvements in the aesthetic and functional properties of their fibers and fabrics. 

The Textile Research Journal (40) is one of the most familiar publications for fundamental research in both man-made fibers and fabrics. The transactions of the Journal of the Textile Institute (36) usually carry articles on the physical chemistry of fibers, as well as more general material designed for the entire industry. 

An important development, pioneered by Kuhn and coworkers,37 38 has been the deposition of conducting PAn s onto fibers and fabrics. Not only hydrophobic fibers such as polyesters and polypropylene but also hydrophilic textiles such as rayon and cotton can be coated with PAn with this in situ polymerization method. PAn/nylon-6 composite films have also been prepared by adsorbing aniline onto thin nylon-6 films and then treating with aqueous (Nn4)2S208.39 The composite films exhibited a low percolation threshold requiring just 4% PAn for electrical conductivity. 

The reaction of starch with bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyleneurea condensed with cationic poly(urea amides) and cationic polyamides was used to produce paper sizes, adhesives, and textile-finishing agents.2616 Cationic starch that has been prepared from starch and cyanamide was patented for sizing wood and for synthetic wool fibers and fabrics.2296,2298,2662 Reaction of starch urethanes with alkylene oxides and aldehydes was reported for use as hardenable compounds in waterproof films, coatings, and adhesives.2663... 

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