Epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride

Starch is the most widely used dry strength additive and is normally made in a cationic form by introducing a reactive monomeric or polymeric tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium derivative into the molecule. The most commonly used reagent for tertiary amino starch is 2-chloroethyldiethylammonium chloride, and for quaternary starch is 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (Figure 7.10). 

Many products contain 0.1-0.4% nitrogen (<0.05 DS), but more highly substituted products accessible from dry cationization are available. Germany allows the use of starch products with up to 1.6% nitrogen from reaction with 2,3-epoxypropyl-trimethylammonium chloride. A petition has been filed with the US Food and Drug Administration that proposes that 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride be allowed in food-contact articles.23 The current allowable level is 5%. 

Cationization of starch by dry reaction with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride is a commercially significant process. The key to a dry reaction is an intimate, homogenous mixture of the reagent and the catalyst. One process38,39 describes an activator consisting of spray dried, precipitated silica with a surface area of 190m2/g (BET) that contains an alkaline agent such as calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide and/or silicates. Different ratios of silica to alkali and 1-3% catalyst (based... 

Diphencyprone (CAS 886-38-4), 0.01% acetone (or-ganotin compounds) (Sansom et al. 1995) Diphenylcyclopropenone, 0.1% acetone (patch tests were not done) (organic syntheses) (Stute et al. 1981) 2,3-Epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CAS 3033-77-o)> 0.5% petrolatum (pharmaceutical industry) (Bergqvist-Karlsson 1985 Estlander et al. 1997) Ethoxylated acrylate (EEA), 0.1% acetone (impregnation emulsions) (Matura et al. 1995) Ethoxymethylenemalononitrile (CAS 123-06-8), 0.01% petrolatum (herbicide intermediate) (Wakelin et al. 1998)... 

Epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CAS 3033-77-o)> 0.5% petrolatum (pharmaceutical and starch industry) (Bergqvist-Karlsson 1985 Estlander et al. 1986 Estlander et al. 1997b)... 

Quaternary Ammonium Starch Ethers. Among the reagents that can add quaternary ammonium groups to starch probably the most popular is 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. Ethers of this type with different DS have been prepared and tested for their role in adsorption on calcium carbonate in relation with the mechanisms of dispersion and flocculation of small particles (136). 

Several attempts have been made to add functionality to cotton fibers. One of the most viable methods includes the creation of cationic sites by using controlled epoxy-based chemical reactions. It has been previously reported that reacting cotton with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride forms cationic charges on the surface of the fibers. While this process was originally developed to improve the affinity of cotton for anionic dyes, it has been recently used to provide the cotton fabric with a positive surface charge... 

Recent work by our research group, Hyde et has demonstrated that the LbL deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes can be used as a method of surface modification for cotton fibers and fabrics. The cotton fibers were functionalized by reacting 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose to create cationic charges. These cationic charges were used to deposit subsequent layers of PSS and PAH. 

The ESA deposition process has been used to deposit alternate nanolayers of PSS and PAH on substrates of cotton and wool fabric. Treatment of the samples with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride was proven to be an effective procedure to create a substrate able to support multilayer thin films. XPS and TEM provided direct and indirect evidence of the efficacy of the deposition process. In addition, quantitative agreement of the XPS data with previously published data using several synthetic substrates corroborates that the LbL deposition process can be used as a method for the modification of textile fibers and fabrics. The experimental results also show that ESA is more dependent on the nature of the polyelectrolytes than that of the original substrate. 

Cationic starch has been prepared in the molten state by the reactive processing of TPS plasticized with 15% w/w glycerol using sodium hydroxide as the catalyst and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride as cationization reactants [89]. 

Cationic modification can introduce positive charges on the surface of CNCs, which could reverse the surface charge and lead to stable aqueous suspensions of cationic CNCs. Such a surface cationization procedure was conducted by grafting epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC)... 

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