Textiles and fibers

Surfactants have historically played an important role in the textile-and-fibers industry. The dyeing of textiles is an obvious application of surfactants. The added surfactants serve to aid in the uniform dispersion of the dyes in the dying solution, the penetration of the dying solution into the fiber matrix, the proper deposition of the dyes on the fiber surface, and the proper fixing of the dye to that surface. 

Synthetic fibers also require surfactants at various steps in their evolution from monomeric organic chemicals to finished cloth. Depending on the type of polymer involved, the process may require surfactants beginning with the polymer synthesis, but certainly once the first extmsion and spinning processes begin. Even after the textile is finished, it is common to apply a final treatment with a surface-active material to define the final characteristics of the product. In woven polyester mgs, 

---

Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332... 

The unique surface characteristics of polysiloxanes mean that they are extensively used as surfactants. Silicone surfactants have been thoroughly studied and described in numerous articles. For an extensive, in-depth discussion of this subject, a recent chapter by Hill,476 and his introductory chapter in the monograph he later edited,477 are excellent references. In the latter monograph, many aspects of silicone surfactants are described in 12 chapters. In the introduction, Hill discusses the chemistry of silicone surfactants, surface activity, aggregation behavior of silicone surfactants in various media, and their key applications in polyurethane foam manufacture, in textile and fiber industry, in personal care, and in paint and coating industries. All this information (with 200 cited references) provides a broad background for the discussion of more specific issues covered in other chapters. Thus, surfactants based on silicone polyether co-polymers are surveyed.478 Novel siloxane surfactant structures,479 surface activity and aggregation phenomena,480 silicone surfactants application in the formation of polyurethane foam,481 foam control and... 

Plastics and Resins, Rubber Compounding and Processing, Textiles and Fibers... 

Nitrochlorobenzene Nitrochlorobenzene isomers are made by nitration of monochlorobenzene. Some of chemicals that can be made from these isomers are phosalone insecticides, antioxidants, rubber chemicals, AZO intermediates for dyes and diamine compounds used in specialty textiles and fibers. An estimated 30,000 tonnes of nitric acid are consumed annually to make nitrochlorobenzenes. 

Each year the ASTM publishes in its Book of Standards, the most recent and accepted definition and test methods used in the textile and fiber industries. 

Recently supercritical carbon dioxide has been used as a solvent in dyeing textiles and fibers. In comparison with conventional techniques, this method has the advantage of complete separation of the remaining dyestuff from the solvent. Furthermore, there is no need in purification of waste water or in drying textiles [1-5]. 

Use Textile and fiber bleaching, water purification, antiseptic. 

Carbostat 2203. [Hoechst Celanese/ Colorants Surf.] Cationic quaternary amine textile and fiber chemicals. 

Leopben . [BASF AG] Wetting sgent detergent antifoam, dispersant for textiles and fibers. 

Polyglycoi. [HoechstCelanese/Cotoants Surf.] Random EQTPO copolymers textile and fiber chemicals. 

The term packaging has come to mean so much more than a brown or waxed paper bag used to carry food and other store bought items. The benefits of today s packaging technology can be seen in many different industries and applications not just in the well known food and medical applications, but also in the building and transport industries, in electricity and electronics, and in textiles and fibers. 

The versatile nature of POCs lends itself to textile and fiber applications. The property modifications of POCs (combining the virgin polymer with the right filler material) meet end-user requirements. POC textile is used in sportswear. These flexible, high-tech fibers have a long life and are colorfast, resistant to different chemicals, inexpensive, and safe for the environment. The advantages of POCs in the textile industry are as follows ... 

Uses Antifoam for chems., surfactants, EO, resins, distillation, scrubbers, gas-oil separation, soivs. and It. oil processing, paints/coatings, inks, cosmetics, toiletries, household uses, indirect food uses (lubricant, pkg. additives, hog scalding), metalworking, paper and printing, textile and fibers, transportation (auto or engine radiators), wastewater treat-... 

Uses Surfactant for cosmetics, feed, foods, textiles, leather, pharmaceuticals, paints/coatings, lubricants, emulsion polymerization, silicon and wax emulsions, metal treatment, and plastics antistat emulsiFier for foods, feed coemulsiFier lubricant, softenerfor textiles and fibers process defoamer opacifier solubilizer dispersant suspending agent coupling agent drier for paints thickener emulsion stabilizer drilling fluid additive lubricant, rust inhibitor, penetrant in metalworking Features Lipophilic Mam JDistrib. DelCon Lonza Trade Names Kosteran-T/1 Lonzest TAG... 

Horrocks, A.R., 2011. Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibers new chemistry versus innovatory solutions. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 377-392. 

Certain wood pulping processes for paper also require sulfuric acid, as do some textile and fiber processes (such as rayon and cellulose manufacture) and leather tanning. Other end uses for sulfuric acid include effluent/water treatment, plasticizers, dyestuffs, explosives, silicates for toothpaste, adhesives, rubbers, edible oils, lubricants, and the manufacture of food acids such as citric acid and lactic acid. 

Storage Protect from light highly unstable may be store for a few days if kept -20 C Uses Textile and fiber bleaching, water purification, antiseptic, disinfectant, sanitizer chlorinating agent Manuf./Distrib. Arch Chems. http //www.archchemicals.com Trade Name Synonyms HyPure A [Olin/Chlor Alkali http //www.oiinchioraikaii.com], J-3 Sol n. t[Arch Chems./HTH Water Prods.]... 

Synonyms 9-0ctadecen-1-amine, acetate Oleylamine acetate Empirical C18H37N C2H4O2 Properties M.w. 327.55 cationic Uses Emulsifier, wetting agent, antistat, corrosion inhibitor, lubricant for textiles and fibers... 

Cellulose and its derivatives have been and are commercially and scientifically important. They are used in the production of paper textiles and fibers (e g., rayon) films (e.g., cellophane) gums and thickeners (e.g., cellulose ethers) foods pharmaceuticals cosmetics explosives and propellants (e.g., nitrocellulose) and adhesives. In addition, the hydrolysis of cellulose is actively being studied as raw material for the production of alcohol fuels (6) and chemicals (7). As nonrenewable materials are depleted, the importance of cellulose as a chemical raw material will increase. Analysis and characterization of any... 

For over a decade NIR quality control has been used in the textile and fiber industries. Perhaps the widest use of NIR has been in the cotton industry. Cotton blending, mercerization, and fiber maturity measurement have been used offline for rapid process control. The wool industry has also employed NIR to measure the residual grease after scouring. Calibrations have been developed for measuring moisture and heat set temperature in nylon yam. Online NIR analysis is being developed for the quality control of the dyeing procedure for carpet yam and for measuring yarn diameter. 

An aromatic polyamide is produced by the interfacial polycondensation method from isophthalyl dichloride (in cyclohexanone) and m-phenyl-ene diamine dihydrochloride with trimethyl amine hydrochloride added as catalyst and NaOH to absorb the HCl. The polymer has a very high melting point of over 375°C and is also of poor solubility. It can be spun out of a boiling dimethyl acetamide solution with the addition of 3% CaCl2. Textiles and fibers cannot be dyed and are used in industry, for example, to reinforce elastomers and as filter cloths for hot gases. Papers are manufactured from fibers that have been cut and then sintered together they have a thickness of 2-30 mil (1 mil = 0.0025 cm) and are used for electrical insulation. 

Textile and fiber lubricants, dying aides, and scouring and finishing chemicals... 

---