Electrostatic self-assembly

Unal U, Matsumoto Y, Tanaka N, Kimura Y, Tamoto N (2003) Electrostatic self-assembly deposition of Titanate(IV) layered oxides intercalated with transition metal complexes and their electrochemical properties. J Phys Chem B 107 12680-12689... 

With the complex where L = pyridine an optical nanosensor was developed [135-137], the method used to fix the vapochromic material to the optical fiber was the electrostatic self assembling method (ESA) and the light source used was an 850 nm LED. The sensor was tested for two different alcohols (ethanol and methanol) and it was possible to distinguish between different concentrations. It was also possible to discriminate between the two different alcohols. 

Paloniemi, H., Lukkarinen, M., Aaritalo, T., Areva, S., Lerro, J., Heinonen, M., Haapakka, K and Lukkari, J. (2006) Layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly of single-wall carbon nanotube polyelectrolytes. Langmuir, 22, 74—83. 

Del Villar, I. Achaerandio, M. Mafias, I. R. Arregui, F. J., Deposition of overlays by electrostatic self assembly in long period fiber gratings, Opt. Lett. 2005, 30, 720 722... 

Electrostatics, effect on weighing, 26 243 Electrostatic self-assembly (ESA), of thin-films, 1 724-725 Electrostatic separators, 16 642 Electrostatic separation, 16 642-644 Electrostatic spray coating, 7 56-58, 74-75 Electrostatic stabilization, 10 119-121 of latex, 14 708-709 Electrosteric stabilization, 10 122 Electrostream (capillary drilling), 9 600 Electrostrictive coefficient tensor, 11 93 Electrostrictive devices, applications of, 11 103-104... 

Zhang, S., et al., Carbon nanotubes decorated with Pt nanoparticles via electrostatic self-assembly a highly active oxygen reduction electrocatalyst, journal of Materials Chemistry,... 

Zhou, Y., et al., Electrostatic self-assembly of graphene-silver multilayer films and their transmittance and electronic conductivity. Carbon, 2012. 50(12) p. 4343-4350. 

Figure 2.26 (a) Scheme for an electrostatically self-assembled multilayer (PAHOs)4(Apo-COx)3(COx) electrode, (b) Catalytic current response to p-d-glucose concentration for self-assembled nanostructured thin films of PAH-Os/COx/(PAH-Os/(ApoGOx)3 and (PAH-Os/ApoCOx)3/PAH-Os/COx, where ApoCOx is FAD-free glucose oxidase. Taken from Ref [219]. 

Electrostatic self-assembly of polymers in the bulk Polyelectrolyte capsules controlled release vehicles, smart delivery systems 50-500 nm Anal et al., 2008... 

Electrostatic self-assembly was combined with supramolecular chemistry to obtain inclusion complexes of a polymeric nonlinear optical (NLO) active dye and modified [3-cyclodextrin with induced chromophore orientation [37], The polyanion is a N,N-diallyl-aniline and sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymer functionalized with pendant azo group. The modified /i-cyclodextrin oligo-cation was obtained by treatment of hcptakis(6-dco y-6-iodo-/i-cyclodcxtrin) with excess pyridine. A linear polyamine, chitosan, was also combined with the polyanion, for comparison. Films were deposited on glass slides by dipping them alternatively in aqueous solutions of the cation and the polyanion. UV-visible spectra indicate dye aggregation and suggest the formation of an inclusion complex of the dye with the cyclodextrin, thus isolating the chromophores. 

Fischer, P. Koetse, M. Laschewsky, A. Wischerhoff, E. Jullien, L. Persoons, A and Verbiest, T. (2000) Orientation of Nonlinear Optical Active Dyes in Electrostatically Self-Assembled Polymer Films Containing Cyclodextrins, Macromolecules 33, 9471-9473. 

Alternatively, Tezuka et al. have proposed an electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation process for the effective synthesis of monocyclic and three dicyclic polymer structures [124,125]. The key reaction for formation of cyclic polymers is an electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation process, as indicated in Fig. 36. 

Dendritic photoinitiators have been assembled from 2-(2,3-epoxy)propyloxythioxanthone 637 and tetra-amines (Scheme 245) <2004MM7850> and this strategy has been employed to perform an electrostatic self-assembly of a polymer brush <2005CC4927>. 

Another way to produce polymeric multilayer systems is through the use of electrostatic self-assembly. With this technique, alternating positively and negatively charged layers can be deposited. This method leads to well-ordered multilayer systems, but when only polymeric components are used a substantial amount of interpenetration occurs. This problem can be reduced by the use of inorganic materials. 

An attractive route to creating stable multilayers is electrostatic self-assembly using polyelectrolytes. Since the interaction between the polymer layer and the substrate, or between alternating layers, is based on electrostatic interactions, the chemical nature of the electrostatic components can be varied systematically. As a result, there is an extensive literature based on, among others, polymer-polymer, polymer-organic, polymer-inorganic, and polymer-biomolecular assemblies. 

Figure 4.15 Schematic representation of the sequential steps taken for the formation of multilayers based on electrostatic self-assembly using cationic polymers and anionic a-ZrP sheets (see text for further details). Reprinted from Coord. Chem. Rev., 185-186, D.M. Kaschak, S.A. Johnson, C.C. Waraksa,J. Pogue and T.E. Mallouk, Artificial photosynthesis in lamellar assemblies of metal poly(pyridyl) complexes and metalloporphyrins, 403-416, Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier Science...

Ji, J., and Shen, J. (2005), Electrostatic self-assembly and nanomedicine. Engineering in medicine and biology society, in IEEE-EMBS 27th Annual International Conference Proc., Shanghai, pp. 720-722. 

Figure 7. Scheme of the CNTs modification using layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly of polyelectrolytes. From reference 71. 

Layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition has become one of the major techniques to fabricate multilayer films. It was introduced by Decher in the form of alternate deposition of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes [56-58]. This so-called electrostatic self-assembly process dominates the research in this area. However, more recently alternative driving forces have been employed, such as hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding, charge-transfer interactions, and covalent bonding. Since this review concerns the formation, functionaliza-... 

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