Textile Definition

Textile definitions most generally accepted for reference in the United States are those standardized by the American Society for Testing Materials and published in ASTM Standards on Textile Materials (W, 25). The Federal Trade Commission has also established definitions for use in enforcing its Trade Practice Rulings 20). These may differ from the ASTM definitions—for example, the ASTM restricts its definition of wool to the fiber from the fleece of the sheep, whereas the Federal Trade Commission defines it as the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna). ... 

European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 2011. Textiles and textile products - smart textiles - definitions, categorisations, applications and standardizaitions needs. In E. C. F. (Ed.), Standardizations, Brussel. 

In the technical report Textiles and textile products—smart textiles—definitions, categorisation, applications and standardization needs that has been drawn up by Technical Committee CEN/TC 248, smart textile materials are defined as fiuictional textile material, which interacts actively with its environment, i.e., it responds or adapts to changes in the environment. More specifically, a smart textile system is defined as a textile system which exhibits an intended and exploitable response as a reaction either to changes in its surroundings/environment or to an external signal/input. As can be seen from the definition, the sensing capability is one of the enabling features of smart textiles. 

The Textile Eiber Product Identification Act (TEPIA) requires that the fiber content of textile articles be labeled (16). The Eederal Trade Commission estabhshed and periodically refines the generic fiber definitions. The current definition for a polyester fiber is "A manufactured fiber ia which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxyUc acid, including but not restricted to terephthalate units, and para substituted hydroxyben2oate units."... 

Originally, the word rayon was appHed to any ceUulose-based man-made fiber, and therefore included the cellulose acetate fibers. However, the definition of rayon was clarified in 1951 and includes textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose and excludes acetate. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. 

Textile Terms and Definitions, 10th ed.. Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1996. 

Dr. Mark is acknowledged throughout the scientific community as the father of polymer science. He received the National Medal of Science in 1980, the 1978 Senior U.S. Scientist Award, 29 other medals and awards from various international organizations, and 17 honorary degrees. In 1977, he was appointed as an Honorable Member of the Japan Chemical Society. He has published over 500 original and review articles and some 20 books on topics related to polymer chemistry. Dr. Mark is founder and first editor of the Journal of Polymer Science, the definitive publication in its field, and is currently editor of the Journal of Applied Science and associate editor of the Textile Research Journal. In addition to these duties he serves as Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology. 

Many dietary and environmental factors have been implicated as possible etiologic factors in the development of pancreatic cancer, but no definite causal relationships have been established. The strongest evidence points to cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with pancreatic cancer (20-24). Occupational exposure to certain chemicals has also been linked to pancreatic carcinoma (25). Others in the high-risk group include stone miners, cement workers, gardeners, textile workers, and leather tanners (17,26). 

Surfactants. By definition every detergent product contains one or more types of surfactants. Basically, every surfactant is an organic compound consisting of two parts (I) a hydrophobic portion, normally including a long hydrocarbon chain, and (2) a hydrophilic portion, which renders the entire compound sufficiently soluble or dispersible in water or other polar solvent to serve its intended use. Together, these combined hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties render the compound surface-active—able to concentrate at the interface between a surfactant solution and another phase, such as air. soil, and textile substrate to be cleaned. 

Detergency is about the theory and practice of the removal of foreign material from solids by surface-active substances. This definition excludes pure mechanical cleaning. Also a pure chemical cleaning, e.g., by solvation of the foreign material, is not considered. In textiles oily substances usually attach to the fibres (animal fats, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, etc.). Also dust, soot, and other solid particles have to be removed in a washing process. In order to test the effectiveness of a surfactant, textiles are often polluted with standard dirt mixtures and cleaned with a standard washing procedure (launderometer). Often cleanliness is measured on the basis of optical reflectivity of white textiles. 

The definition of a sensor is that it reacts to a parameter (for example, the volume of the mercury pool in a thermometer increases with temperature), and the intensity of the reaction is in relation to the parameter - for example, the measurement of an electrical current that is in relation to the concentration of the analyte oxidised or reduced at the electrode surface. The parameter to be investigated is the concentration of the analyte, while the parameter measured is an electrical current. As for the real devices, ultimately most signals are being transformed into electric ones. Electroactive materials are consequently of utmost importance with respect to intelligent textiles. Of course, apart from technical considerations, concepts, materials, structures and treatments must focus on the appropriateness for use in or... 

It should be taken into account that this is only valid for the textile electrode investigated in this work, because this parameter is also dependent on the roughness of the surface. The roughness is definitely the cause of this edge effect, because it is absent when using smooth palladium electrodes. 

Definition of the nanoscale covers all species having at least one diameter of 100 nm or less. When nanoparticles are intentionally synthesized to be used in a range of consumer goods, they are called nanomaterials. Without doubt, one can say that we are now at the beginning of nanoindustrial revolution. Different types of nanomaterials are frequently applied in electronics, space technology, cosmetics and sunscreens production, medicine and pharmacy, solar energetics, textile industry, sport equipment, and many other areas [22, 23]. 

In conclusion, the use of the vacuum hot table is not the answer to every textile conservation problem. It is one useful tool in the repertory. Each work of art, by definition, is unique. Therefore, each textile must be individually treated, using the method most applicable to the problems. 

Each year the ASTM publishes in its Book of Standards, the most recent and accepted definition and test methods used in the textile and fiber industries. 

McIntyre J E and Daniels P N, Textile Terms and Definitions, Manchester, UK, The Textile Institute, 1995. 

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