Textile electrodes

Sodium tungstate is used in the manufacture of heteropolyacid color lakes, which are used in printing inks, plants, waxes, glasses, and textiles. It is also used as a fuel-ceU electrode material and in cigarette filters. Other uses include the manufacture of tungsten-based catalysts, for fireproofing of textiles, and as an analytical reagent for the deterrnination of uric acid. 

Carbon-Fiber Electrodes The growing interest in ultramicroelectrodes (Section 4-5.4) has led to widespread use of carbon fibers in electroanalysis. Such materials are produced, mainly in connection with the preparation of high-strength composites, by high-temperature pyrolysis of polymer textiles or via... 

Microelectronic circuits for communications. Controlled permeability films for drug delivery systems. Protein-specific sensors for the monitoring of biochemical processes. Catalysts for the production of fuels and chemicals. Optical coatings for window glass. Electrodes for batteries and fuel cells. Corrosion-resistant coatings for the protection of metals and ceramics. Surface active agents, or surfactants, for use in tertiary oil recovery and the production of polymers, paper, textiles, agricultural chemicals, and cement. 

In recent years, many types of double-layer capacitors have been built with porous or extremely rough carbon electrodes. Activated carbon or materials produced by carbonization and partial activation of textile cloth can be used for these purposes. At carbon materials, the specific capacity is on the order of 10 J,F/cm of trae surface area in the region of ideal polarizability. Activated carbons have specific surface areas attaining thousands of mVg. The double-layer capacity can thus attain several tens of farads per gram of electrode material at the surfaces of such carbons. 

Skeleton of porous plastic (PTFE, PVC, etc.), sintered glass, filtering textile (Dacron, glass fibre, etc.) As above Liquid membrane electrode K Ca2 Me2+, Cl", BF4, NO,", C104"... 

An appropriate ion-specific electrode was found to provide a convenient, precise and relatively inexpensive method for potentiometry of copper(II) ion in copper-complex azo or formazan dyes. Copper(II) ion in copper phthalocyanine dyes can be quantified after anion exchange. Twelve commercial premetallised dyes evaluated using this technique contained copper(II) ion concentrations in the range 0.007 to 0.2%. Thus many copper-complex direct or reactive dyes are likely to contribute low but possibly significant amounts of ionic copper to textile dyeing effluents [52]. 

The efficacy of diamond and metal-alloy electrodes for the degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5 was also followed by RP-HPLC. The chemical structures of the textile dyes under investigation are shown in Fig. 3.56. An ODS column (150 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 jttm) was employed for the RP-HPLC determination of... 

The effect of nanoporous Ti02 thin-film electrodes on the removal and degradation of the reactive textile dye Reactive orange 16 (R3R) was investigated by physicochemical analytical procedures including RP-HPLC. The chemical structure of the dye is shown in Fig. 3.67. Liquid chromatographic measurements were employed for the separation and detection of the decomposition products of the dye. They were realized in an ODS column... 

M. Hepel and J. Luo, Photoelectrochemical mineralization of textile azo dye pollutants using nanocrystalline W03 electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 47 (2001) 729-740. 

M. Ceron-Rivera, M.M. Davila-Jimenez and M.P. Elizalde- Gonzalez, Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5 using diamond and metal alloys electrodes. Chemosphere, 55 (2004) 1-10. 

P.A. Cameiro, M.E. Osugi, J.J. Sene, M.A. Anderson and M.V.B. Zanoni, Evaluation of color removal and degradation of a reactive textile dye on nanoporous Ti02 thin-film electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 49 (2004) 3807-3820. 

The compound cerium oxide (either Ce Oj or CeO ) is used to coat the inside of ovens because it was discovered that food cannot stick to oven walls that are coated with cerium oxide. Cerium compounds are used as electrodes in high-intensity lamps and film projectors used by the motion picture industry. Cerium is also used in the manufacturing and polishing of high-refraction lenses for cameras and telescopes and in the manufacture of incandescent lantern mantles. It additionally acts as a chemical reagent, a misch metal, and a chemical catalyst. Cerium halides are an important component of the textile and photographic industries, as an additive to other metals, and in automobile catalytic converters. Cerium is also used as an alloy to make special steel for jet engines, solid-state instruments, and rocket propellants. 

Uses. Ferrous and nonferrous alloys, filaments in incandescent lamps, heating elements, welding electrodes, manufacture of abrasives and tools, manufacture of textiles and ceramics... 

Examples of the application of solid state electrochemistry to identifying dyes in textile samples can be provided. Thus, Fig. 2.17 compares the square wave voltam-mograms of (a) saffron blank, and (b) sample from a Tibet temple, attached to fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes immersed into acetate buffer. After initiating the potential scan at -0.85 V in the positive direction, two separated oxidation... 

This chapter examines various probes for pH measurement such as ion-selective and glass-membrane electrodes as well as simultaneous cellulose removal and bleaching of textiles with enzymes. 

Advantages of electrocatalytic reactions in textile applications example - electrocatalytic oxidation of sodium dithionite at a phthalocyanine and porphyrin cobalt(ll)-modified gold electrode... 

The definition of a sensor is that it reacts to a parameter (for example, the volume of the mercury pool in a thermometer increases with temperature), and the intensity of the reaction is in relation to the parameter - for example, the measurement of an electrical current that is in relation to the concentration of the analyte oxidised or reduced at the electrode surface. The parameter to be investigated is the concentration of the analyte, while the parameter measured is an electrical current. As for the real devices, ultimately most signals are being transformed into electric ones. Electroactive materials are consequently of utmost importance with respect to intelligent textiles. Of course, apart from technical considerations, concepts, materials, structures and treatments must focus on the appropriateness for use in or... 

Characterisation of electrochemical cell for textile electrode studies and quality control... 

In this chapter, an attempt is made to characterise an electrochemical cell and to describe a method for quality control of textile electrodes by investigating the behaviour of textile electrodes and comparing the obtained results. 

Scheme of the electrochemical cell described in section 9.2.2, consisting of (1) PVC plates, (2) rubber-ring fittings, (3) PVC tube, (4) electrolyte solution, (5) screws to tighten the cell parts and avoid leaking of electrolyte solution and (6) palladium sheet or textile electrodes. 

For the experiments described in this chapter, use was made of textile electrodes of stainless steel instead of palladium sheets, which were used for the characterisation of the electrochemical cell. The aim of this section is to investigate the behaviour of these textile electrodes in the electrochemical cell and to compare the results obtained with those described in section... 

For this purpose, the starting situation in this section is reflected by Equation9.1 and, depending on the results obtained, will show whether this equation is still valid and, if so, under which conditions. Possible differences in results between those described in this section and those in section9.2 need to be explained by the fact that a textile structure is used as electrode material, since this is the only modification of the electrochemical cell characterised in section9.2 and used for the studies described here in section... 

Characterisation of the electrochemical cell with textile electrodes... 

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