Factorial test

The question generally arises, Why test There are reasons for testing arising from both the manufacturers and the users points of view. Traditionally, manufacturers have carried out factory tests in order to avoid the costly expense involved with site rectification of deficiencies. Testing is expensive, and manufacturers have no incentive to test low value items except where consequential damage can be caused by the... 

Tests carried out on protection systems comprise factory tests, on-site commissioning tests and maintenance checks. Those made on individual relays will demonstrate the compliance of the equipment with specification and the verification of its operation under simulated conditions, while tests carried out on-site prior to the equipment being put into service ensure that the full protection scheme and associated equipment operate correctly. These on-site tests must be comprehensive and should include ... 

Factory tests establish the pressure head, power, efficiency and NPSH over the complete flow range the pump can deliver running at design speed. British Standard, DIN standard or ANSI standard codes or national variations from such main codes lay down the manner of test procedure, and a minimum requirement is quite often defined by industry codes such as API 610. This is not the place to discuss instrument accuracy, as the codes lay down the limits possible from conventional instruments. There are two main classes of test the commercial requirements normally possible in the maker s test plant and high-accuracy tests that are only possible by using substandard instruments and very sophisticated techniques. 

The true packaged unit will have ah the parts of the system and will be factory tested in the complete state. There are four basic types ... 

Fig. 2.47. VHP -generator (left in fore ground) connected to a production plant during factory test.

Confirmation that all tests or verification were executed and witnessed (if applicable) by suitably qualified and authorized personnel. This includes all supplier factory testing and site acceptance testing... 

The calibration procedures adopted on-site must be agreed on with the customer and conform to recognized industry instrument calibration standards and the supplier s instructions. These procedures must be applied to all in-line instrumentation, loop instrumentation, local controllers, analyzers, and so on. Where the control and monitoring instrumentation is integrated with a computerized control system and where factory tests have been carried out, the installation calibration procedure should be agreed on with the customer. 

This paper summarizes the results of tests conducted from July 1978 through March 1981 at the EPA, 10-MW equivalent, lime/limestone wet-scrubbing FGD test facility, during which adipic acid as an additive was tested and shown to be a powerful scrubber additive for improving SO2 removal. The optimum concentration of adipic acid is only 700 to 1500 ppm at a scrubber inlet pH of 5.2 or higher. SO2 removal efficiencies in excess of 90 percent and reliable operation were demonstrated in four long term, limestone/adipic acid runs. Factorial tests were also conducted to characterize SO2 removal as a function of gas and slurry flow rates, pH, and adipic acid concentration. Intermediate duration optimization runs and favorable economics are also reported. 

Shawnee Test Blocks. Tests conducted at the Shawnee Test Facility can be classified into blocks according to type of alkali, fly ash loading in the flue gas, adipic acid addition, and forced oxidation scheme. Table 1 lists the combinations of these variables which have been tested at Shawnee, including factorial tests. 

It is beyond the scope of this report to present all of the Shawnee test results from the test blocks listed in Table 1. Therefore, only the typical and important test results are presented below. Results of long-term tests (longer than one month) are included. Results from factorial or partial factorial tests, which normally lasted a minimum of 12 hours including 5 to 7 hours... 

Factorial Test Results. Full or partial factorial tests have been conducted at Shawnee, primarily to investigate the effects of adipic acid concentration and pH on SO2 removal. These tests usually lasted 12 hours or longer, including at least 5 to 7 hours of steady-state operation. Scrubber configurations used were venturi alone, spray tower alone, combined venturi and spray tower, and TCA. Limestone was used in all scrubber configurations. Lime was used only with the venturi alone. Only the typical results from the TCA and spray tower tests are presented below to show the degree of effect of pH and adipic acid concentration on SO2 removal. 

Regulation is a subject that regularly occurs in power systems. Regulation is a measure of the voltage drop in a device or circuit. It compares the volt-drop at fuU-load with the terminal voltage at no-load, both of which can be obtained for a transformer from simple factory tests. 

A small double frequency part occurs due to sub-transient saliency of the rotor pole surfaces. Often the data from the manufacturer are not good enough to distinguish between X and X". The quadrature axis parameters are difficult to obtain from the normal factory tests. It is usually adequate to assume that X equals and so the double frequency component becomes zero and can therefore be ignored. 

The derived reactances are those most frequently used to specify synchronous generators and motors. They are the synchronous, transient and sub-transient reactances in the d and g-axes. The most convenient method of deriving these is from the application of a three-phase short circuit at the terminals of the unloaded machine, whether it be a generator or a motor. For a motor the testing procedure is more complicated as described in sub-section 5 of Reference 23. The design values because the necessary factory tests are more difficult to perform. The tests are described in for example IEEE standard 112 and BS4296. 

Application of a three-phase short circuit to the terminals of an unloaded induction motor is not a practical factory test, especially for a large high-voltage motor, because the motor can only be excited at its stator windings from the power supply. A three-phase short circuit at or near the stator terminals can occur in practice e.g. damaged supply cable, damage in the cable terminal box. The parameters of the stator and rotor windings can be obtained from other factory tests. However, the derived reactance can be defined in the same manner as those for the synchronous machine, but with... 

SYSTEM, UNITARY - A complete, factory-assembled and factory-tested refrigerating system comprising one or more assemblies which may be shipped as one unit or separately but which are designed to be used together. 

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