Terylene

HOCHj CHjOH. Colourless, odourless, rather viscous hygroscopic liquid having a sweet taste, b.p. 197 C. Manufactured from ethylene chlorohydrin and NaHC03 solution, or by the hydration of ethylene oxide with dilute sulphuric acid or water under pressure at 195°C. Used in anti-freezes and coolants for engines (50 %) and in manufacture of polyester fibres (e.g. Terylene) and in the manufacture of various esters used as plasticizers. U.S. production 1979 1 900 000 tonnes. 

Condensation polymerization differs from addition polymerization in that the polymer is formed by reaction of monomers, each step in the process resulting in the elimination of some easily removed molecule (often water). E.g. the polyester polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) is formed by the condensation polymerization (polycondensation) of ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid ... 

Crystallizes in colourless needles m.p. 300° (sublimes). Manufactured by the oxidation of p-xylene and used in the production of Terylene (see also polyesters). U.S. production 1980 2-05 megatonnes. 

Polymerisation of a diol with a dicarboxybe acid is exemplified by the production of a polyester from ethylene glycol and terephthabc acid either by direct esterification or by a catalysed ester-interchange reaction. The resulting polyester (Terylene) is used for the manufacture of fibres and fabrics, and has high tensile strength and resibency its structure is probably ... 

The ethylene glycol liberated by reaction (5.L) is removed by lowering the pressure or purging with an inert gas. Because the ethylene glycol produced by reaction (5.L) is removed, proper stoichiometry is assured by proceeding via the intermediate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate otherwise the excess glycol used initially would have a deleterious effect on the degree of polymerization. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is more familiar by some of its trade names Mylar as a film and Dacron, Kodel, or Terylene as fibers it is also known by the acronym PET. 

The windows of the absorption cell are made from polymer material such as polyethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate Terylene ) or polystyrene. 

Tertiary structure Tertran Terylene Teslac TestBench Testing... 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), the predominant commercial polyester, has been sold under trademark names including Dacron (Du Pont), Terylene (ICI), Eortrel (Wellman), Trevira (Hoechst-Celanese), and others (17). Other commercially produced homopolyester textile fiber compositions iaclude p oly (1,4-cyc1 oh exa n e- dim ethyl en e terephthalate) [24936-69-4] (Kodel II, Eastman), poly(butylene terephthalate) [26062-94-2] (PBT) (Trevira, Hoechst-Celanese), and poly(ethylene 4-oxyben2oate) [25248-22-0] (A-Tell, Unitika). Other polyester homopolymer fibers available for specialty uses iaclude polyglycoHde [26124-68-5] polypivalolactone [24937-51-7] and polylactide [26100-51-6],... 

One common design is typified by a mbber belt mounted in tension. The belt is grooved to provide drainage toward its center. Covered with cloth, the belt has raised edges to contain the feed slurry, and is dragged over stationary vacuum boxes located at the belt center. Wear caused by friction between the belt and the vacuum chamber is reduced by using replacable, secondary wear belts made of a suitable material such as PTFE, terylene, etc. 

The successful development of polyfethylene terephthalate) fibres such as Dacron and Terylene stimulated extensive research into other polymers containing p-phenylene groups in the main chain. This led to not only the now well-established polycarbonates (see Chapter 20) but also to a wide range of other materials. These include the aromatic polyamides (already considered in Chapter 18), the polyphenylene ethers, the polyphenylene sulphides, the polysulphones and a range of linear aromatic polyesters. 

Linear polyesters were studied by Carothers during his classieal researches into the development of the nylons but it was left to Whinfield and Dickson to discover polyfethylene terephthalate) (BP 578079), now of great importance in the manufacture of fibres (e.g. Terylene, Dacron) and films (e.g. Melinex, Mylar). The fibres were first announced in 1941. 

Leaving aside rayon and artificial silks generally, the first really effective polymeric textile fibre was nylon, discovered by the chemist Wallace Hume Carothers (1896-1937) in the Du Pont research laboratories in America in 1935, and first put into production in 1940, just in time to make parachutes for the wartime forces. This was the first of several major commodity polymer fibres and, together with high-density polyethylene introduced about the same time and Terylene , polyethylene tereph-thalate, introduced in 1941 (the American version is Dacron), transformed the place of polymers in the materials pantheon. 

Paraxylene is used to make terephthalic acid, the raw material for manufacturing polyester fibers, such as Dacron, Kodel, Fortrel and Terylene. 

In condensation polymers, the monomers are linked together by condensation reactions, like those used to form ester or amide links. Polymers formed by linking together monomers that have carboxylic acid groups with those that have alcohol groups are called polyesters. Polymers of this type are widely used to make artificial fibers. A typical polyester is Dacron, or Terylene, a polymer produced from the... 

Artificial fibres nylon, Terylene) Hardwearing Terylene has good acid resistance Not resistant to hot splashes High initial cost Can allow dust to pass through Static electricity can cause rapid soiling Ceramic coating of fibres can render dust-proof... 

That fall, Carothers assistant Edgar W. Spanagel discovered polyethylene terephthalate, the polyester that Du Pont later manufactured under license as Dacron fiber and Mylar film. Carothers had made most of the polyesters, but he and others in his group assumed that Spanagel s polyester, like their earlier ones, melted at too low a temperature to be practical. As a result, Carothers did not have this one tested for spinnability. British scientists later used it to make Terylene. When Du Pont executives had to buy a license from the British to make Spanagel s fiber, their faces were bright red with embarrassment. 

A colourless, syrupy, sweet-tasting liquid the synthetic fibre Terylene is made by condensation polymerisation of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. 

The cutting of terraces on rubber plantations situated on hilly areas, with the object of preventing the loss of top soil during heavy rain. Terylene... 

In a limited sense, any material suitable for weaving or being made into a woven fabric. In the rubber industry the term is widened to include any material used for the structural reinforcing of a product and thus includes such materials as steel and glass not normally classed as textiles. See Cotton, Nylon, Rayon and Terylene. 

A particular constmction of filaments of rayon, nylon, Terylene, Kevlar or steel used as the structural reinforcement of pneumatic tyres. The cords were originally woven (cord fabric) but are now invariably used weftless. 

In UK, in 1941, Whinfield and Dickson discovered the polyester fibre called terylene chemically it is polyethylene terephthalate. Teryene polymer can be melt spun into a fibre which is widely used in textile industry. 

The remarkable increase in the Melting point of polyesters formed by the incorporation of the aromatic ring is because of the stiffening of the polymer backbone. Thus, a polyester like polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) has a high Melting point due to the presence of the aromatic ring and is commercially the most popular polymers marketed under the trade name of Terylene or Terene. 

Osborne, W. F., A History of the Early Development of Terylene Polyester Fibre by Imperial Chemical Industries Limited November 1943-March 1951. [Copy in the Library of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, UK],... 

Polyesters are in widespread use in our modem life, ranging from bottles for carbonated soft drinks and water, to fibres for shirts and other apparel. Polyester also forms the base for photographic film and recording tape. Household tradenames, such as Dacron , Fortrel , Terylene and Mylar , demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of polyesters. 

Thus to provide a route to polymer chains, it is necessary for the starting materials to be bifunctional. Choosing the synthesis of terylene (Fig. 5.1) as an example ... 

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