Fibres artificial

During the time of the development of the urea-based resins, a thermoplastic, cellulose acetate, was making its debut. The material had earlier been extensively used as an aircraft dope and for artificial fibres. The discovery of suitable... 

Artificial fibres Hardwearing Not resistant to hot splashes Ceramic coating of fibres... 

Artificial fibres nylon, Terylene) Hardwearing Terylene has good acid resistance Not resistant to hot splashes High initial cost Can allow dust to pass through Static electricity can cause rapid soiling Ceramic coating of fibres can render dust-proof... 

Fabric is a flexible, artificial substance made up of a network of natural or artificial fibres. It is formed by interlacing loops of yarn or thread and matting the fibers together by heat and pressure. 

There exists a range of various kinds of nitrocellulose differing from one another in their physical properties according to the application intended. Nitrocellulose for smokeless powder manufacturing (guncotton) represents one type while other properties are demanded from the raw material to be used for making celluloid or artificial fibres (collodion cotton, collodion nitrocotton). 

This method of denitrating cellulose nitrate was widely used industrially to regenerate cellulose from the first (nitrocellulose) artificial fibre (Chardonnet [49]). 

A dye is a compound which is added to give colour to a normally colourless material, for instance natural or artificial fibres. By their very nature dyes must absorb light in the VIS region of the spectrum, and this can lead to two separate problems. 

There are three types of regenerated natural fibres - rayon, acetate and protein -the first two are derived from cotton linters or pine wood. Wool like protein based artificial fibres may be regenerated from animal and vegetable proteins. 

Well may the organic chemist, in his advance from the simple molecule of methane to the gigantic macromoleculcs of natural celluloses and proteins and of artificial fibres and plastics, exclaim with the poet ... 

The beginnings of basic research at BASF were somewhat hesitant and still related to the needs of dyestuffs chemistry. In collaboration with Hans Fikentscher, Curt Schuster and W. Biilow, K.H. Meyer established the physical and chemical principles of the dyeing process of cellulose acetate and nitrate, silk, and wool. This research ran parallel to the efforts of the laboratory to invent dyestuffs for the new artificial fibres, such as cellulose acetate (rayon). 

In the mid twenties several circumstances permitted a revised orientation of both content and style of areas of research at the Central Research Laboratory. In 1925 the Technical Committee (TEA) of I.G. Farben discussed the possibilities for producing artificial fibres. At this time, I.G. Farben was the second largest producer of artificial fibres in Germany. Therefore polymer chemistry became more important for the company at the same time as dyestuffs chemistry lost its former position. However, the science of synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural polymers was not yet established in the same way as structural chemistry was for organic dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and intermediates. Colloid chemists regarded substances such as cellulose, silk, and wool as... 

There did, however, exist some departments for the production of artificial fibres at l.G. Farben, and Mark and his group performed important service functions for these departments. Together with chemists of the fibre division they developed a theory of solution spinning, a new high strength cellulose acetate, and the copolymerized synthetic rubbers Buna-S and Buna-N. The most famous new product of Mark and his assistants was polystyrene, then used as a thermoplastic." ... 

Another important branch of the Italian chemical industry was that of fibres, such as artificial silk derived from cellulose and a casein-based fibre called Lanital. Their dynamic development partially replaced the traditional textiles as a leading export industry, while artificial fibres also replaced significantly cotton, wool and jute imports. More than 80 per cent of the overall output was produced by SNIA Viscosa and CISA Viscosa, two associated firms dominated by the same network of interlinked... 

SNIA Viscosa (artificial fibres, heavy chemicals) [Courtaulds etc.] 1050... 

Artificial fibre products are made from two types of materials, organic and inorganic. Synthetic fibres can be produced using true synthetic polymers, regenerated materials and modified natural ones. Dry spinning, wet spinning and melt spinning... 

While artificial fibres came onto the market with the 1889 invention of rayon by Hilaire de Chardonnet, and synthetic fibres emerged with the 1931 DuPont patent for Nylon, natural fibres have been around since the dawn of mankind, flax having a documented history (burial shrouds for the Egyptian pharaohs) of more than 7000 years. No matter in which climatic zone humans settled, they were able to find and utilize the fibres of native species to make products such as clothes, cloths, buildings and cordage. 

In the year 2000, according to UN data, the 15 largest manufacturing countries produced over 28.2 million tons of artificial fibres based on cellulose and synthetics. Germany was the eighth largest producer with 0.9 million tons. The world production of chemical fibres continued to increase to approximately 30 million tons by 2002. The increase was predominantly for the production of synthetic fibres, which make up approximately 93% of all artificial fibres (see Fig. 3.1). 

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