Artificial fibers

In condensation polymers, the monomers are linked together by condensation reactions, like those used to form ester or amide links. Polymers formed by linking together monomers that have carboxylic acid groups with those that have alcohol groups are called polyesters. Polymers of this type are widely used to make artificial fibers. A typical polyester is Dacron, or Terylene, a polymer produced from the... 

Here the polymer grows by successive esterification with elimination of water and no termination step. Polymers formed by linking monomers with carboxylic acid groups and those that have alcohol groups are known as polyesters. Polymers of this type are widely used for the manufacture of artificial fibers. For example, the esterification of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol produces polyethylene terephthalate. 

Another Sparte, situated in the lower Rhine Valley, employed the cellulose chemistry that turned out cameras and films and artificial fibers. The third Sparte made dyestuffs and synthetic rubber (buna). 

III), which directed the production of photographic materials, artificial fibers, gunpowder, and explosives. Chairman and member of various European munitions firms. 

Carothers WH, Hill W. Studies of polymerization and ring formation, xv. Artificial fibers from synthetic linear condensation superpolymers. JAm Chem Soc. 1932 Apr l 54(4) 1579-87. 

Production of phenol and acetone is based on liquid-phase oxidation of isopropylbenzene. Synthetic fatty acids and fatty alcohols for producing surfactants, terephthalic, adipic, and acetic acids used in producing synthetic and artificial fibers, a variety of solvents for the petroleum and coatings industries—these and other important products are obtained by liquid-phase oxidation of organic compounds. Oxidation processes comprise many parallel and sequential macroscopic and unit (or very simple) stages. The active centers in oxidative chain reactions are various free radicals, differing in structure and in reactivity, so that the nomenclature of these labile particles is constantly changing as oxidation processes are clarified by the appearance in the reaction zone of products which are also involved in the complex mechanism of these chemical conversions. 

Gineeva, N., Stamova, N., Hinkova, L., Spasovski, M., Hristeva, V. Muhtarova, M. (1977) Study of the health status of workers from acrylonitrile department (Abstract). In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Occupational Health in the Production of Artificial Fibers, Finland, 6-10 June 1977, p. 41... 

ARTIFICIAL FIBERS ARE VERY POPULAR NYLON, DACRON, ORLON. 

Fibers belong in different groups of chemical compounds. Animal fibers are proteins vegetable fibers are cellulose. Artificial fibers such as nylon, Orion and Dacron are very complex chemical compounds and have enormously long molecules. 

Commercial casein is usually manufactured from skim milk by precipitating the casein through acidification or rennet coagulation. Casein exists in milk as a calcium caseinate-calcium phosphate complex. When acid is added, the complex is dissociated, and at pH 4.6, the isoelectric point of casein, maximum precipitation occurs. Relatively little commercial casein is produced in the United States, but imports amounted to well over 150 million lb in 1981 (USDA 1981C). Casein is widely used in food products as a protein supplement. Industrial uses include paper coatings, glues, plastics and artificial fibers. Casein is typed according to the process used to precipitate it from milk, such as hydrochloric acid casein, sulfuric acid casein, lactic acid casein, coprecipitated casein, rennet casein, and low-viscosity casein. Differences... 

Titanium dioxide is widely used in the production of plastics, enamels, artificial fibers, electronic materials, and rubber (Hadjiivanov and Klissur-ski, 1996). Its ability to photocatalyze the oxidation of organic materials has been known for years in the paint industry. For this reason, TiOz is used as a white paint pigment (Stafford et al., 1996). TiOz is also known as an excellent catalyst for semiconductor photocatalysis due to its nonselectivity for environmental engineering applications it is nontoxic, insoluble,... 

Cell studies on scaffolds of nano- and submicrometer-scaled fibers have shown that these dimensions promote not only cell adhesion, but also have beneficial effects on proliferation and differentiation of cells [174-177], These effects are more prominent with decreasing fiber diameters. It seems relevant that the cells can be guided and bridged by the artificial fibers. Meshes with aligned fibers are particularly promising, e.g., for guiding the growth of nerve cells (Fig. 8) [178],... 

The wet spinning of regenerated spidroin was reported in the early 1990s by Jelinski et al. They dissolved spider silk in hexafluoroisopro-panol (HFIP) at a concentration of 2.5 wt% to produce an artificial fiber using water, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone as coagulation bath. The reconstituted silk could only be shaped in acetone but the structure... 

Zhao, C.H., Yao, J.M., Masuda, H., Kishore, R., and Asakura, T. "Structural characterization and artificial fiber formation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in hexafluoro-iso-propanol solvent system". Biopolymers 69(2), 253-259 (2003). 

Tjrom the successful attempts in the second half of the 19th century to produce artificial fibers (I), a huge man-made fiber industry has been created. It only requires a cursory visit to a department store to appreciate the large amount of man-made fibers used currently in apparel and in home furnishings. This is also borne out by the available statistics (Table I). The data presented in this table (2) indicate that for consumer end uses the trend in the United States is for cotton and wool to be replaced by man-made fibers. By 1974 appreciably more noncellulosic man-made fibers and textile glass fibers were being used than cotton. 

The first commercially produced artificial fiber, Rayon, is invented... 

The solid particles in PF dispersions are not of simple shapes (e.g., spheres, rods) and they are deformable, and have multimodal size distributions (Tanglertpaibul and Rao, 1987a). Also, the particles are hydrated and are in physical and chemical equilibrium with the continuous medium so that they differ significantly from artificial fibers such as of glass or of synthetic polymers. The continuous phases of PF dispersions also have features that are different than those of non-food suspensions. The continuous medium of a typical food dispersion, usually called serum, is an aqueous... 

The list of everyday products made from organic compounds is very long. It includes drugs, artificial fibers, dyes, artificial colors and flavors, food additives, cosmetics, plastics of all kinds, detergents, synthetic rubber, adhesives, antifreeze, pesticides and herbicides, synthetic fuels, and refrigerants. 

Plunkett scraped the white PTFE powder out and sent it to DuPont scientists working on artificial fibers. The scientists studied the properties of PTFE. They discovered its non-stick qualities and were soon working on a number of applications for the new material. 

The discovery of nylon is one example. In 1928, E.l. DuPont de Nemours and Company appointed a young, 32-year-old chemist from Harvard, Wallace Carothers, as the director of its new research center. The goal was to create artificial fibers similar to cellulose and silk. In 1930, Julian Hill, a member of Carothers team, dipped a hot glass rod in a mixture of solutions and unexpectedly pulled out long fibers such as the one shown in Figure 1-14. Carothers pursued the development of these fibers as a synthetic silk that could withstand high temperatures and eventually developed nylon in 1934. Nylon s first use was in a toothbrush with nylon bristles. During World War 11, nylon was used as a replacement for silk in parachutes. Nylon is used extensively today in textiles and some kinds of plastics. 

The individual crystals in wire are so oriented that the same crystallographic direction [m w] in most of the grains is parallel or nearly parallel to the wire axis. Because a similar texture occurs in natural and artificial fibers, it is called 3i fiber texture and the axis of the wire is called the fiber axis. Materials having a fiber texture have rotational symmetry about an axis in the sense that all crystal orientations about this axis are equally probable, like those of beads on a string. A fiber texture is therefore to be expected in any material formed by forces that have... 

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